Qualitative and

Quantitative
Research
 Qualitative Research
Research question include What, How and Why.
Document social reality, meaning is constructed.
Focus on in-depth meaning.
Values are present and explicit.
Contextual dependence is present.
Thematic analysis is shown.
Loosely structured research approach.
Holistic approach is present.
 Types of Qualitative Research
 Focus group
 In-depth interview (IDI, one-on-one)
 Dyads, triads
 Paired interviews
 Methods of Qualitative
Research
 Sampling- Space, Time, Social position,
Context.
 Data Analysis- Data Reduction, Data
Display, Conclusion Drawing and
Verification.
 Coding- One codes only relevant data.
 Display- Making sense of the data.
Where Qualitative Research is used

 When variables cannot be quantified.

 When variables are best understood in
their natural settings.
 When variables are studied over real
time.
 When studying intimate details of roles,
processes, and groups.
 When the paramount objective is
“understanding”.
Skills needed to conduct Q.R.

 Must have requisite knowledge and skills

about methodology, setting and nature of
the issue.
 Must be familiar with own biases,
assumptions, expectations, and values.
 Must be empathic, intelligent, energetic,
and interested in listening.
 Must be open to embracing multiple
realities.
 Must be prepared to produce detailed,
comprehensive, and sometimes lengthy
reports.
 Strengths of Q.R.

 Detail and in-depth.

 Not restricted to specific question.
 Can be guided/redirected by the researcher.
 Can be quickly revised as new information
emerges.
 Powerful human experience data.
 Subtleties and complexities.
 Findings can be transferable to another
setting.
 Limitations of Q.R.

 Heavily dependent on the individual skills.

 Rigor is difficult to maintain, assess, and
demonstrate.
 Time consuming.
 Not as well understood and accepted as quantitative
research within the scientific community.
 Can affect the subjects' responses.
 Anonymity and confidentiality can present problems.
 Difficult and time consuming to characterize in a
visual way.
 Misconceptions on Q.R.

 Objectivity is the gold standard in Research.

 Subjectivity comprises accuracy and
trustworthiness.
 The perspectives of few do not represents many.
 Qualitative data are useful only when
corroborated by numbers.
 Cont.

 Self-reported data are unreliable.

 Administrators and decision makers only
respond to numbers.
 Qualitative data is easy to collect and analyze,
anyone can do it.
 Interviewing is the only qualitative
assessment technique.
 Quantitative Research

 Quantitative approach designs and examines social

phenomena through quantifiable evidence, and often
relies on statistical analysis of many causes to create
valid and reliable general claims.
 The overall goal of quantitative research is to
convey numerically what is being seen in the
research and to arrive at specific and observable
conditions.
 Characteristics Quantitative
Research

1. The data are usually

gathered using more
structured instrument.
 Cont.

2. The results are

based on larger
samples sizes that
are representative of
the population.
Cont.

3. The research study

can usually be
replicated or
repeated, give its
high reliability
Cont.

4. The researcher has

a clearly defined
research question to
which objective
answers are sought.
Cont.

5. All aspects of the

study are carefully
designed before the
data are collected.
Cont.

6. Data are in the form

of numbers and
statistics.
Cont.

7. Project can be used

generalize concepts
more widely, predict
future results, or
investigate causal
relationship.
 Types of Variables

• According to values
• According to scale of measurement
• According to relationship
Types of Variable:
1. According to Values:

1.1 Qualitative Variable or

Categorical Variable

These are variables whose

data are non-numeric and whose observation vary in
kind but not in degree.
Examples:
sex- male or female
religion- Roman Catholic, Isla, etc.
civil status- single, married
 Cont.

1.2 Quantitative Variable or

Continuous Variable

 These are variables whose data are counts or

numerical measurements and whose
observations vary in magnitude.
Examples:
age, income, number of
children, height, weight
 1.2 Quantitative Variable or
Continuous Variable

Two types of Quantitative Variable

1.2.1. Discrete Variables
Quantitative variables whose observations can assume only a countable numbers and values
cannot take the decimal form.
Examples:
number of children in the family
number of students in the class
Number of houses in the city

1.2.2. Continuous Variables

Quantitative variables whose observations can assume any one of the countless number of
values in a line interval.
Examples:
Height- 5 feet, 4.6 inches
Weight –115 lbs, 68 kgs
Time- 1 hour , 46 minutes
Types of Variable:
2. According to Scale of Measurement

2.1 Nominal Variable

Variable whose data are nonnumeric labels that

do not
reflect quantitative information.

Examples:
sex- male or female
civil status- single, married
 Cont.
2.2 Ordinal Variable

 Variables where there is a meaningful order or

categories but there is no measurable distance between
categories.
 An ordinal variable is a nominal variable, but its
different states are ordered in a meaningful sequence.
 Ordinal data has order but the intervals
between scale points may be uneven.
Cont.

2.3 Interval Variable

 Variable whose data values are ranged in a real
interval and can be as large as from negative
infinity to positive infinity.

Examples:
temperature, IQ level
 Cont.

2.4 Ratio Variable

 The highest level of measurement that has all

the characteristics of the interval plus, a true
zero point.
 Both the differences and the ration of
two values are meaningful and there is always
an absolute zero that is
meaningful.
Types of Variable: 3. According to Relationship

3.1 Independent Variable

Manipulated variable that cause change

in another variable

3.2 Dependent Variable

Those that are affected by

independent variables.
Cont.