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Ventilation: The object of installing ventilation
and air conditioning facilities in buildings shall
be to provide conditions under which people
can live in comfort, work safely and efficiently.
Ventilation & Air conditioning installation shall
aim at controlling and optimizing following
factors in the building:
a) Air purity and filtration,
b) Air movement,
c) Dry-bulb temperature,
d) Relative humidity,
e) Noise and vibration,
f) Energy efficiency, and
g) Fire safety.
Cooling load estimate shall be carried
out prior to installing air conditioning
equipment. Calculation of cooling load
shall take into account the following
factors:
a) Recommended indoor temperature
and relative humidity;
b) Outside design conditions as specified
in 4.4
c) Details of construction and
orientation of exposures like roof, floor,
walls, partition and ceiling;
d) Fenestration area and shading
factors;
e) Occupancy — Number of people and
their activity;
f) Ventilation — Requirement for fresh
air
https://www.slideshare.net/NooruleInieOsman/ventilation-system-25941705
https://www.slideshare.net/NooruleInieOsman/ventilation-system-25941705
Air Conditioning: The process of
treating air so as to control
simultaneously its temperature,
humidity, purity, distribution and
air movement and pressure to
meet the requirements of the
conditioned space.
https://sustainabilityworkshop.autodesk.com/buildings/psychrometric-charts
Enthalpy is a thermodynamic quantity
equivalent to the total heat content of a
system. It is equal to the internal energy of
the system plus the product of pressure
and volume.
Psychrometric Chart is a Graphic representation between RH and DBT
 Helps understand Human Thermal Condition/Comfort.

 DBT is represented by Vertical lines, Measured by Thermometer, Indicates the

progression or increase in Sensible Heat when moving towards right and vice versa.

 Absolute/Specific Humidity(amount of vapour present in kg of dry air) represented by

horizontal lines, indicates progression/increase when moving top and vice versa.
Range is 0-30gm.

 Saturation line is represented by extreme left/top most curved line indicates that air
can hold more moisture as temp increases and less moisture as temperature
decreases, meaning as the temperature decreases, moisture air gets precipitated in
the form of Dew, Fog, Rain or Snow.

 Relative Humidity(RH) is the percentage of humidity present in the air relative/parallel

to the saturation line which is the maximum that it can hold.
 WBT measured by thermometer covered by cotton wick, thus evaporation
will make it cooler than DBT represented by inclined dash lines.

 DPT(Dew Point Temperature) is temperature of the object that will cause

water to precipitate on the surface.

 Precipitation is the amount of water that is taken out by the surface which is
below the current dew point temperature.

 Hourly data is recorded out door conditions that can be represented on this
chart for every hour of the year.

 Comfort Zone can be plotted for winter and summer conditions.

 HVAC System – AC can dehumidify the air by cooling it below its dew point
which will precipitate the water out of air and then reheat it to comfortable
DBT, but with lower Absolute Humidity.
Psychrometric Process
 Compressor – Create Flow of
Refrigerant & Pressure difference.
(crank shaft sucks vapour refrigerant &
compresses it during which the pressure
& temperature increases ).

 Condenser – Warm Air to Outside(fan

blows air over the condenser coil where
it loses heat by convection & Convert
Vapour refrigerant to liquid state.

 Dryer - To Filter Refrigerant & Remove

Moisture.(Filter & Silicon Gel).

 Expansion Device - Reduce the pressure

of Refrigerant(by passing through a tiny
opening & cause restriction/resistance
to flow – liquid enters Evaporator in low
pressure low temperature).

 Evaporator - Absorb Heat & Convert

Liquid Refrigerant to vapour state.
Heat load or heat gain Calculations.
 A building or room gains heat from many
sources.
 The biggest source of heat is solar
radiation from the sun which enters
through Roof, Walls & Windows heating
internal surfaces.
 Warm air from outside enters through
open doors and windows, or as ‘leakage’
though the structure.
 Other sources of heat gain - Occupants,
computers, copiers, machinery, &
lighting.
The sum of all these heat sources is know as
the heat gain (or heat load) of the building,
and is expressed either in BTU (British
Thermal Units) or Kw (Kilowatts).
For an air conditioner to cool a room or
building its output must be greater than the
heat gain.
Quick calculation for offices
For offices with average insulation and
lighting, 2/3 occupants and 3/4
personal computers and a photocopier,
the following calculations will suffice:
 Heat load (BTU) = Length (ft.) x
Width (ft.) x Height (ft.) x 4.
 Heat load (BTU) = Length (m) x
Width (m) x Height (m) x
141For every additional
occupant add 500 BTU.
If there are any additional
significant sources of heat, for
instance floor to ceiling south facing
windows, or equipment that
produces lots of heat, the above
method will underestimate the heat
load. In which case the following
method should be used instead.
Accurate heat load calculation for any type of
room or building.
 Area BTU = length (ft.) x width (ft.) x 31.25
The heat gain of a room or building
depends on:
 The size of the area being cooled.
 The size and position of windows,
and whether they have shading.
 The number of occupants.
 Heat generated by equipment and
machinery
 Heat generated by lighting.
 By calculating the heat gain from
each individual item and adding
them together, an accurate heat
load figure can be determined.
To convert BTU to kW simply multiply by 0.000293.
To convert kW to BTU simply multiply by 3414.
 North window BTU = Area of North facing
windows (m. sq.) x 164
If no shading, North window BTU = North window
BTU x 1.4
South window BTU = Area of South facing
windows (m. sq.) x 868
If no shading, South window BTU = South window
BTU x 1.4
Total window BTU = North window + South
window
 Occupant BTU = number of people x 600
 Equipment BTU = total equipment watts x 3.4
 Lighting BTU = total lighting watts x 4.25
 Total heat load BTU = Area BTU + Total
Window BTU + Occupant BTU + Equipment
BTU + Lighting BTU
 Number of a/c units required = Total heat
load BTU / Cooling capacity BTU
Zoning provides decentralized control and allows
a thermostat in each zone to set the demand for
the zoned area, rather than subjecting all areas to
the concept of “what’s good for one has to be good
for everyone.”
The components and layout of mechanical air
distribution are important because they can
improve both the comfort of occupied spaces and
reduce energy use.  Although the fans that
distribute the air do not consume nearly as much
energy as the equipment that generates the heating
and cooling, it doesn’t matter how efficient the
equipment is if the air is not distributed well.
Zones are locations in the building that have
different heating or cooling needs.  This can be
the result of a different activity within different
spaces (exercise room vs. meeting room), different
room occupancy, or different loads on different
spaces.
Each room may be a different zone, one zone
might contain several rooms, or one room might
contain more than one zone (particularly if it is a
deep room with one side of large sun-facing
windows).
 In deep buildings, areas away from direct
influence of outside sun or other effects are called
“core” zones. Comfort here usually has to be
provided entirely by active HVAC systems.
Serving Different Zones

Different zones can be given warmer or cooler air by having separate HVAC units and separate ductwork paths, though
this is generally costly.  

Increasing or decreasing the airflow (with the same temperature air) in different zones is cheaper and more common.
This can be provided most easily and cheaply with dampers, or with different fans and duct systems for more extreme
situations.
The components of zoning
In a zoned system, motorized dampers open and close based on the demands of the particular thermostat controlling
the zone calling for heating or cooling. These dampers can be inserted into the ducts, or can be installed at the air
outlet for each room or zone. Multiple dampers can be controlled together for a single zone if multiple ducts serve a
single room or zone.

Thermostats used in the zoning systems can range from rather basic to complex. As each zone is divided, an
additional thermostat will be necessary to control the heating, cooling and fan operation for its individual zone.

The zone thermostats and dampers are wired into a central control panel. This panel requires a separate 24-volt
transformer to power the panel, dampers and thermostats. The panel then also connects to the thermostat
connections on the HVAC unit.

In some instances, a separate bypass damper is installed to relieve any excess air from zones that are open but are too
small to handle the full capacity of the blower. This air is typically bypassed into the return air duct or into a common
area, such as a hallway. When air is bypassed into the return air duct, capacity controls for both heating and cooling
are used to prevent overheating or overcooling in the unit.

When zoning any system, one must look at a practical cost effective number of zones for the home or office building.
Most homes are typically two to four zones. Offices can be almost any number of zones depending upon the size of the
building.
Offices and other commercial spaces:

Zoning for commercial office buildings makes a lot of sense,

as every person has their own idea of comfort, and it is rare
that all areas of a facility will follow similar use schedules.
Residential zoning
Conference rooms often go unused for hours, and individual
offices may be empty when sales people are on the road, or
when employees are on vacation. These can all be controlled Homes are typically split into fewer zones
individually with individual thermostats. than commercial spaces, with the simplest
systems having only two zones, one
Commercial systems are basically just bigger residential incorporating the living room and kitchen,
systems with more capacity. Duct design for these will and the other covering off the bedrooms and
almost always include a bypass system, especially those over bathrooms.
three zones. These systems tend to be easier to retrofit,
however, as drop ceilings can often be used as a common
return and are a great place to bypass the air.

Commercial zoning systems of three zones or more will need

a bypass, and it is always important that the bypass damper
be located as far away from the blower as possible.