A2

Geography
 SESSION 3: Unit 3 – Contested Planet – key
themes
• Unit 3, Contested Planet,
forms the core of A2
Geography.
• The unit aims to introduce
students to key contemporary
global issues and allow them
to explore the significance of
these issues and examine a
range of potential solutions to
them.
• The unit has a synoptic
element, which addresses the
question of ‘Managing the
Contested Planet’.
• This takes the form of
assessing three broad
themes in relation to the topic
content

Slide 4
 Players – who these are and how
their opinions vary
• Trans-national corporations
• Individual consumers
• National and Local governments
• Government Agencies
• Non-Governmental Organisations and Pressure Groups
• Inter-Governmental Organisations
• All players will not be present, or equally important, in each
topic or example used in teaching of course.

Example

Players involved in Rainforest exploitation

 Actions
• Refers to the variety of management strategies used
at different scales :
• Local
• National
• Global

• By considering the actions you have to consider the

key players

Example
how to try and tackle the development gap should it be
through IMF, globalisation or grassroots projects
introduced by NGOs
 Futures
Which of the following will happen and what are
the consequences :
- Business as usual
- Sustainable development
- Radical approaches

Example
Energy use with fossil fuels, renewables or
radical ideas like carbon capture
 Topic 1= Energy Security
The topic is split into 3 key questions:
1. To what extent is the world's energy
'secure' at present ?
• Energy supply, demand and security
2. What are the potential impacts of an
increasingly 'energy insecure' world?
• The impacts of Energy Insecurity
3. What might the world's energy future be?
• Energy Security and the future
 1 Energy supply, demand and security
Enquiry question: To what extent is the world ‘energy secure’ at present?
What students need to learn
There are many energy sources that
can be classified in different ways
(flows of renewable resources,
stocks of non-renewable and
recyclable
sources) and that have different
environmental costs.
Access to and consumption of energy
resources, both renewable and non-
renewable, is not evenly distributed,
and depends on physical
factors, cost, technology and public
perception.
Some areas suffer from energy
poverty, while others have a surplus.
Demand for energy is growing
globally, and at regional and local
scales, especially in developed
and emergent economies such as
China and India.
Energy security depends on resource
availability (domestic and foreign)
and security of supply, which can be
affected by geopolitics, and is a
key issue for many economies.
Suggested teaching and learning
Investigating types of energy
resources, their classification, and
contrasting the environmental
impacts associated with their
production and use.
Examining the distribution of fossil
fuel resources, and renewable
potential, globally and in
contrasting countries.
Examining trends in global energy
supply and demand by source,
type of economy and economic
sector.
Developing an awareness that that
there is little excess capacity to
ease pressure on energy resources
and therefore energy insecurity
is rising, particularly for finite
resources.
Your ideas on energy issues?
Lesson objectives:
To understand the term ‘energy security’
To be able to identify key areas of energy
surplus and areas of energy deficit.
 What does it mean to be energy
secure?
• To have ENERGY SECURITY means to have
access to reliable and affordable energy
sources e.g. Russia
• Countries that do not have this and have an
energy deficit are said to be ENERGY
INSECURE eg USA

Key terms –
learn and use
 Achieving Energy Security
Important factors are:
• Control over supplies
• Control over prices
• Having a variety of energy sources to call
on
• Political stability (in supply region as well
as demand region)
Energy security can be threatened by:
• Rapid increase in prices (oil 2004)
• Instability of suppliers (Georgia 2008)
• Manipulation of supply
• Attack on infrastructure (terrorism)
• Competition from expanding economies
e.g. China
• Environmental legislation which adds to
the costs of finding, transporting and
processing the resource
Energy security can be improved by:
• Greater energy efficiency
• Greater energy self-sufficiency
• Decentralization of energy production
• Short term stockpiles (90 days)
 USA and California p 6-10
Oxford
• Explain in 1-2 sides of A4 the energy
problems that the USA is facing and why
its energy insecurity is growing.
 Define and give examples of…
(p11 Oxford+Pearson sheet)
• Non-renewable/finite energy (sometimes called stock
resources)
• Fossil fuels
• Resource depletion
• Renewable energy
• Flow resources – renewables which do not need
regeneration as these resources are in constant supply.
Eg? (so which renewable is not a flow resource?)
• Recyclable energy
• Energy mix
 Energy supply, demand
and security

There are a wide range of energy resources:

Non-renewable Renewable Recyclable

A finite stock of resources, A flow of resources, which Can be used repeatedly,

which will run out is infinite in human terms if managed carefully

Coal, oil, gas (plus oil shale, Wind, solar, hydroelectric, Biomass, nuclear (with
tar sands, lignite etc.) wave, tidal, geothermal reprocessing of fuel)
 P 11 Oxford
What are the environmental costs of energy
sources?
 Life cycle
analysis
Life cycle analysis accounts for
C02 emissions at all stages
of the energy supply chain, not simply
during use 

• Comparing the environmental impact of

different energy sources is a challenge
• Life cycle greenhouse emissions is one
approach
• Even this does not account for NIMBY
issues (e.g. windfarms), or the loss of
ecosystems and biodiversity linked to
extraction of fossil fuels
• Some sources, such as nuclear and
biomass are highly controversial and there
is intense debate over their ‘green’
credentials.
• What are the patterns of energy
consumption in the world?
 P 12-13 Oxford and P10-12
Pearson sheet
Type of energy Reserves/Production Consumption
Nuclear
Natural Gas
Oil
Coal
HEP
Wind
Solar
Wave
Biofuel
Primary energy world consumption
Million tonnes oil equivalent

BP Statistical Review of World

Energy 2012
Primary energy regional consumption pattern 2012
Percentage p10Pearson

BP Statistical Review of World

Energy 2013
Primary energy consumption per capita 2012
Tonnes oil equivalent

BP Statistical Review of World

Energy 2013
Nuclear Energy

BP Statistical Review of World

Energy 2013
 Nuclear Power Potential

Uranium
Country mining
in tonnes
725,000 t
Australia

Brazil 157,400 t
Canada 329,200 t
Kazakhstan 378,100 t
South Africa 284,400 t
Namibia 176,400 t
Niger 243,100 t
Russia 172,400 t
Ukraine 135,000 t
Uzbekistan 72,400 t
USA 339,000 t
Nuclear energy consumption by region
Million tonnes oil equivalent

BP Statistical Review of World

Energy 2013
Natural Gas

BP Statistical Review of World

Energy 2013
Rank       Country/Region       Natural Gas- Date of
proven reserves Information      
(billion - 109 m³)      
—      World 175,400 2006 est.
1      Russia 47,570 2006 est.
2      Iran 26,370 2006
3      Qatar 25,790 2007 est.
4      Saudi Arabia 6,568 2006 est.
5      United Arab Emirates 5,823 2006 est.
6      United States 5,551 2006 est.
7      Nigeria 5,015 2006 est.
8      Algeria 4,359 2006 est.
9      Venezuela 4,112 2006 est.
—      European Union 3,310 2006 est.
10      Iraq 3,170 2007 est.
Gas reserves-to-production (R/P) ratios
Years

2012 by region History

BP Statistical Review of World

Energy 2013
Distribution of proved gas reserves in 1992, 2002 and 2012
Percentage

BP Statistical Review of World

Energy 2013
Gas production/consumption by region
Billion cubic metres

Production by region Consumption by region

BP Statistical Review of World

Energy 2013
Gas consumption per capita 2012
Tonnes oil equivalent

Source: Includes data from Cedigaz. BP Statistical Review of World

Energy 2013
Gas prices
$/Mmbtu

BP Statistical Review of World

Energy 2013
Major gas trade movements 2012
Trade flows worldwide (billion cubic metres)

BP Statistical Review of World

Source: Includes data from Cedigaz, CISStat, GIIGNL, IHS CERA, Poten, Waterborne.

Energy 2013
 Oil

BP Statistical Review of World

Energy 2013
Rank   Country/Region   Oil- proven reserves (billion Date of
        bbl)       Information  
   
—     World 1,371.742 estimated
1     Saudi Arabia 261.9 2003 est.
2     Canada 178.8 2001
3     Iran 132.5 2004 est.
4     Iraq 112.5 2003 est.
5     Kuwait 101.5 2003 est.
6      97.8 2003 est.
United Arab Emirat
es
7     Venezuela 80 2008 est.
8     Russia 74.4 2003 est.
9     Algeria 43 2006 est.
10     Libya 42 2003 est.
Oil reserves-to-production (R/P) ratios
Years

2012 by region History

BP Statistical Review of World

Energy 2013
Distribution of proved oil reserves in 1992, 2002 and 2012
Percentage

BP Statistical Review of World

Energy 2013
Oil production/consumption by region
Million barrels daily

Production by region Consumption by region

BP Statistical Review of World

Energy 2013
Oil consumption per capita 2012
Tonnes

BP Statistical Review of World

Energy 2013
Oil product consumption by region
Million barrels daily

Light distillates Middle distillates

BP Statistical Review of World

Energy 2013
Oil product consumption by region
Million barrels daily

Fuel oil Others

BP Statistical Review of World

Energy 2013
Crude oil prices 1861-2012
US dollars per barrel, world events

BP Statistical Review of World

Energy 2013
Major oil trade movements 2012
Trade flows worldwide (million tonnes)

BP Statistical Review of World

Energy 2013
 What’s Y’oil problem??
Current oil supplies
• There are an estimated 1.3 trillion barrels of proven
oil reserve left in the world’s major fields, which at
present rates of consumption will be sufficient to last
40 years.
• By 2040, production levels may be down to 15
million barrels per day – around 20% of what we
currently consume. It is likely by then that the
world’s population will be twice as large, and more of
it industrialised (and therefore oil dependent).
 Two-thirds of the world’s remaining reserves
are in the Middle East:

Country Billions of barrels

Saudi Arabia 261.8

Iraq 112.5
United Arab Emirates 97.8
Kuwait 96.5
Iran 89.7
By comparison, the North Sea has around 4.9bn
barrels
remaining. Brazil recently discovered a new field
with an
estimated 5 – 8 billion barrels but such major
discoveries are rare.
 Oxford
• Read p36-39 (and make notes)
 Coal

BP Statistical Review of World

Energy 2013
 Country       TOTAL       Share      
    USA 246,643 27.1
    Russia 157,010 17.3
    China 114,500 12.6
    India 92,445 10.2
    Australia 78,500 8.6
    South Africa 48,750 5.4
    Ukraine 34,153 3.8
    Kazakhstan 31,279 3.4
    Poland 14,000 1.5
    Brazil 10,113 1.1
Coal reserves-to-production (R/P) ratios
Years

2012 by region History

BP Statistical Review of World

Energy 2013
Distribution of proved coal reserves in 1992, 2002 and 2012
Percentage

Source: Survey of Energy Resources 2010, World Energy Council. BP Statistical Review of World
Energy 2013
Coal production/consumption by region
Million tonnes oil equivalent

Production by region Consumption by region

BP Statistical Review of World

Energy 2013
Coal consumption per capita 2012
Tonnes oil equivalent

BP Statistical Review of World

Energy 2013
Fossil fuel reserves-to-production (R/P) ratios
Years

BP Statistical Review of World

Energy 2013
Summary so far.....
• Direct access to fossil fuel
reserves is a coincidence of
geological history and
international boundaries.
• Some countries find themselves
with more fossil fuel sources than
their needs
• Others have none
• Reserves run down over time, as
is the gas with the UK’s once
abundant North Sea oil and gas
• Remaining oil and gas will
increasingly concentrate in the
Middle East over the next 30
years.

Top 15 countries by oil, gas and coal

reserves in 2008
Hydroelectricity

BP Statistical Review of World

Energy 2013
Hydroelectricity consumption by region
Million tonnes oil equivalent

BP Statistical Review of World

Energy 2013
Renewable energy

BP Statistical Review of World

Energy 2013
Renewable energy consumption/share of power by region
Other renewables consumption by region Other renewables share of power generation by region
Million tonnes oil equivalent Percentage

BP Statistical Review of World

Energy 2013
Biofuels production by region
Million tonnes oil equivalent

World biofuels production

BP Statistical Review of World

Energy 2013
Reasons for variations in energy
supply?
• Physical reasons?
• Economic reasons?
• Political reasons?

• P 12 Pearson – add more reasons in pairs

 Trends in energy supply and
demand?
P12-14 Pearson sheet
MEDCs?
NICs?
LEDCs?
(work out the % change from 1997-2007 in
table)
Variable patterns over time?
•Rapidly growing demand;
use of pollution sources
such as high sulphur
Energy Issues across the World
coal; health impacts;
impact on global fossil
fuel prices
– which statement goes where?
•Reserves; questions of
developing these in the
Arctic, Antarctic and
other sensitive areas

•Energy poverty;
dependency on foreign
TNCs to exploit supply
(Nigeria, Sudan)

•Dependency;
wastefulness; lack of
fossil fuel supply (energy
insecurity)

•Supply security; role of

unstable regions in fossil
fuel supply; link between
nuclear power and
weapons.

•Huge surplus; inefficient

use; energy as a political
weapon?
 Energy Issues across the world Dependency; Huge surplus;
wastefulness; lack of inefficient use;
Reserves; questions of energy as a
developing these in the fossil fuel supply
(energy insecurity) political weapon?
Arctic, Antarctic and
other sensitive areas

Key issues
for learning

Rapidly growing demand;

Energy poverty;
dependency on foreign
TNCs to exploit supply
(Nigeria, Sudan)
Supply security; role use of pollution sources
of unstable regions such as high sulphur coal;
in fossil fuel supply;
health impacts; impact on
link between nuclear global fossil fuel prices
power and weapons.
 World Energy Balance in 1997

Describe the World Energy Balance in 1997.

What are the implications of what you have described both NOW and in the
FUTURE?
Future projections?
 Example of One Energy Resource

Natural gas
• Use the following 7 slides to summarise the
future of demand and supply of Natural Gas.
• How might this affect prices?
• How will the supply and demand for natural
gas affect who has global power?

(source: Rice University: http://www.rice.edu/energy/publications/docs/PEC_Medlock_10_25_04.pdf)

This map shows the supply of natural gas (red, purple, blue) and the demand
for natural gas (white dots)
Supply Projections Natural Gas
Demand Projections Natural Gas
Price Projections Natural Gas
Who buys?

Who sells?
Natural gas - Some possible futures
LNG = Liquefied
Nat Gas – How
it is transported.
 Questions
1. Which areas have the most access to energy
resources?
2. Which areas have the least access to energy
resources?
3. Describe which parts of the world suffer from energy
poverty. (including p 16 Oxford)
4. Explain why this might be case.
5. Describe which parts of the world have an energy
surplus.
6. Explain why this might be the case.