Ratio for Control Schemes

Submitted to: (ENGR.M.TANVEER)

Submitted by: 17016223-016(AMEER MAVIA KHAN)
17016223-014(ABDULLAH IQBAL)
Contents
 Introduction
 Block diagram
 Description of loop
 Advantage
 Disadvantage
Applications
What is ratio control
A ratio controller is a special type of feed forward
controller where disturbances are measured and their
ratio is held at a desired set point by controlling one of
the streams.

 Ratio control is used when two fluids must be mixed

together in a specific ratio.  A practical way to do this
is to use a standard control system to control the flow
on one line.  The same transmitter signal is used as a
set point for a second controller which controls the
flow in a second line.  The ratio of one flow rate to the
other can be changed by adjusting the gain (or
proportional band) of the secondary controller. 
Symbols
FT, Flow transmitters.
 PV, Process variables. SV, Set variables.
 RC, Ratio controller.
 CV, Control valve.
 Ratio controls are used where we have to
control one physical quantity with the ratio of
two different physical quantity as shown in
figure.
 In ratio control we are measuring the flow in two
different lines one is called wild flow and second is called
controlled line.

 After measurement of steam flow we divide the each

other and create the ratio for measured value for ratio
controller.

 We provide the set point for ratio control and error

generated by ratio controller converted in output and fed
to valve depends upon the ratio of both value of flow.
Example of ratio control system

A common example is when the ratio of two
reactants must be controlled is shown in the
figure. One of the flow rates is measured but
allowed to float, that is, not regulated.
 The outer flow rate is both measured and
adjusted. The outer flow rate is both measured
and adjusted to provide the specified control ratio.
The flow rate of reactant A is measured and added
with appropriate scaling, to the measurement of
flow rate B. the controller reacts to the resulting
input signal by adjustment of the control valve in
the reactant B input line.
 Advantages
 Allows user to link two streams to produce and maintain a
defined ratio between the streams.
 Simple to use.
 Does not require a complex model. 
 Disadvantages
 Often one of the flow rates is not measured directly and the
controller assumes that the flows have the correct ratio
through the control of only the measured flow rate.
 Requires a ratio relationship between variables that needs
to be maintained.
 Not as useful for variables other than flow rates. 
Application of ratio control
system:
Blending operations
For holding the fuel-air ratio of reactants
of the optimum.
Maintaining a stoichiometric ratio of
reactance of a reactor.
Keeping a specified reflux ratio for a
distillation column etc
SUB,ITTED BY;
Fazal Hassan 17016223-015
Nadeem Raza 17016223-017
Hafiz Muhammad Awais 17016223-018
SUBMITTED TO;
Engr. Muhammad Tanveer
SUBJECT;
Instrumentation process control (IPC)
TOPI;
tuning and stability for control system
CLASS;
BSc-chemical engg. (7th) evening
SELF TUNING OF CONTROLLERS
 What is a Controller
Controller is an active element or device that receives the information from
the measurements and takes appropriate corrective action to adjust the
values of manipulated variables of a process.

 Different Types of Controllers

Proportional controller
Proportional Integral Controller
Proportional Derivative Controller
Proportional Integral Derivative Controller

 Tuning of a Controller
Tuning of a controller may be defined as process of identifying ideal set of
values to a selected controller for a specific process control
We need to obtain the values of Kc, TI and TD for optimizing the process
output.
Ziegler-Nichols Tuning (Ultimate Cycle method)
 Unlike process reaction curve method which uses data from the open loop response
of a system, this technique is a closed loop procedure. It goes through following
steps

1. Bring the system to desired operation level

2. Using proportional control only & with the feedback loop closed, introduce a set
point change and vary proportional gain until the system oscillates continuously.
The frequency at continuous oscillation is known as cross over frequency ω co. Let
M be the Amplitude Ratio of system response at ω co

3. Compute the following quantities

Ultimate Gain Ku = 1/M

Ultimate period of sustained cycling Pu = 2π/ ω co min/cycle

4. Using the values of Ku and M. Ziegler-Nichols have recommended the
following settings for the feedback controls
Kc ŤI ŤD
Proportional Ku/2 --- ---
PI Ku/2.2 Pu/1.2 ---
PID Ku/1.7 Pu/2 Pu/8

The settings above reveal the following

1. For Proportional control alone use of gain margin is equal to 2
2. For PI control use lower Kc because the presence of Integral control mode
introduces additional phase lag at all frequencies with destabilizing effects
on the system. Therefore lower or approximately same is the value of Kc a
3. The presence of Derivative control introduces phase lead with strong
stabilizing effects in the closed loop response. Thus Kc can be increased
without threatening the stability of the system
Self Tuning controller
 A Self tuning controller may be defined as a system capable of readjusting
the controller tuning settings automatically to provide an optimal process
output.
 It is capable of optimizing its own internal running parameters in order to
maximize or minimize the fulfilment of an objective function typically the
maximization of efficiency or error minimization
Components
 Self-tuning systems are typically composed of four components.
Expectations
Measurement
Analysis
Actions

Expectations
 This is the first component of self tuning system.
 The expectations describe how the system should behave given exogenous
conditions.
 Measurement
 Measurements gather data about the conditions and the behaviour.
 This is the second component of Self tuning system.
 We collect the data of the surrounding in which process takes place.  

Analysis
 Analysis helps determine whether the expectations are being met- and
which subsequent actions should be performed.
 This is the third component of Self tuning system.
 It check the expectations resemblence.
Actions
 Common actions are gathering more data and performing dynamic
reconfiguration of the system.
 After analysis the data the action are the executed.
 This is last component of Self tuning system.
Block diagram of Self Tuning Controller
Cont…!
 In this figure, three sets of computation are involved.
 These are given below and describe it
 Estimation of model parameter
 Calculation of controller setting
 Implementation of controller output in feedback loop
 Most real-time parameter estimation techniques require that an external
forcing signal occasionally be introduced to allow accurate estimation of
model parameters.
 Such a perturbation signal can be deliberately introduced through the set
point or added to the controller output.
 During each disturbance or set-point change, the process response is
compared to the predicted model response, and then the model can be
updated based on the prediction error.
 TUNNING PROCESSES:-

METHODS ADVANTAGES DISADVANTAGES

Manual Tuning No Math Required, Requires Experienced

Online Personnel

Ziegler-Nichols Proven Method, Online Process Upset, Some Trial

–and- Error, Very
Aggressive Tuning
Cohen-Coon Good Process Models Some Math; Offline;
Only good for First Order
Process

Software Tools Consistent Tuning; Online Some Cost Or Training

or Offline Involved
 Most self tuning controllers will self tune
During Startup
Retune on request
Retune on naturally occurring upsets
Continuously when excitation introduced into the process
by controller
Advantages of Self Tuning Controllers
 Facilitates controlling critical processes of systems;
 Approaches optimum operation regimes;
 Facilitates design unification of control systems;
 Shortens the lead times of system testing and
tuning;
 Lowers the criticality of technological requirements
on control systems by making the systems more
robust;
 Saves personnel time for system tuning.
STABILITY OF CONTROL SYSTEM;

A system is said to be stable, if its output is under control.

Otherwise, it is said to be unstable. A stable
system produces a bounded output for a given bounded
input.
When a system is unstable, the output of the system may
be infinite even though the input to the system was finite.
This causes a number of practical problems.
For example, a robot arm controller that is unstable may
cause the robot to move dangerously.
The following figure shows the response of a stable
system.
This response has the values between 0 and 1. Therefore,
the first order control system is stable since both the input
and the output are bounded.
Unstable systems;
Such kind of systems follow the following like pattern,
Types of Systems based on Stability;

We can classify the systems based on stability as follows;

Absolutely stable system
Conditionally stable system
Marginally stable system
Absolutely Stable System;

If the system is stable for all the range of system

component values, then it is known as the absolutely
stable system.

Conditionally Stable System;

If the system is stable for a certain range of system

component values, then it is known as conditionally
stable system.
Marginally Stable System;

If the system is stable by producing an output signal with

constant amplitude and constant frequency of oscillations
for bounded input, then it is known as marginally stable
system.
How does a process become stable;

There are two possibilities that an unstable process

become a stable one,

 By manipulating with any external means

 Or by self-regulating phenomenon
For example;
Consider we have a CSTR, materials goes towards in it as
reactants and out as a product and a jacket, containing
coolant, is placed around this exothermic reaction. Shown
below,
Also, the following plotting shows us the stability and
non-stability of our process,
In this graph, it is represented that the points P1 and P2 are
unstable due to the presence of low temperature and high
temperature and also less yield and high yield respectively.
But, the point P2 is unstable and we have to stabilize it, by
shifting the value of T2 to T2’, this cause the new Q2’.
 the important thing is that at new point, heat heat released
from exothermic system (Q2’) is more than heat absorbed
by the coolant (Q2).
This gap (between both the heat values) tell us about the
stability or unstability of our system. Mean, greater the
difference, greater the un-stability and thus we have to
move according to this unstability.
THANK YOU