Computer Networks7

Networking Basics
Need of Computer Network

 Simultaneous Access of Peripheral Devices
 Remote File sharing
 Resource and Data sharing
 Communication and collaboration
 Remote access
 Data protection
 Personal Communication
Importance of Networks
 Without networking complete setup can be
costly:
 Purchasing dozen and hundreds copies of software
can be expensive
 Multiple Peripherals can be vey expensive.
 Installation and Configuration a program multiple
times
 Computer can take a lot of time and labor ,
maintaining many separate installation of a program
is an expense.
Solution
 Site licenses
 Purchase a site licenses for an application
 Buy single copy of an application
 Pays the developer for a license to copy the
application onto a specific number of
computers
 Each user has complete , individual copy
on her/his computer
 But pay less money than purchasing a
complete copy of the software for each user
Solution
 Network Version
 Connect user’s computer to a central network server
 Only one copy is installed on server
 Client can access it
 Simply load it from server into RAM of their own
desktop computers.
Solution
 Network Version
Shared Peripheral Devices
 peripheral devices, which can cost thousand of dollars
 High laser printer
 Expensive to provide every worker with a personal
printer.
 Shared printer would cost effective

 Multiple users can use single printer
 Easy to manage
Shared Peripheral Devices
• Devices can be connected

directly to a network
• It may connected to a
printer server. Which is a
computer that manages
one and more printers
UOG Lahore Campus: Introduction To

Communication & Technology
Personal Communication
 E-Mail
 Companies connect their private networks to the
internet.
 so worker can send/receive messages across internet
from people outside the company’s network.
 For Example:
 LGU Email Sever
 Every Faculty member is given an email ID:
 For example: areejfatima@lgu.edu.pk
(Send your Assignments on this ID for plagiarism
check!!!)
 Video-conferencing
 Is a multi-way communication in real time through
network
 CODEC(compressor/de compressor)
 Which processes the audio and video
 A codec is a device or computer program capable of
encoding or decoding a digital data stream or signal.
 Virtual Presence
 Video-conferencing
The Other Uses of a Network
 Easier data backup
 Backup copies data
 Server data backed up in one step
Types of Network
WAN
LAN WAN
 LAN
CATEGORIES
OF
NETWORKS
Hybrid
Types of Networks
 Local Area Network(LAN)
 Wide Area Network(WAN)
 Hybrid Networks
 Campus Area Networks(CANs)
 Metropolitan Area Network(MANs)
 Home Area Networks(HANs)
LAN
 Connect using cable
 Hundreds computers
• Systems are close to each other
• Contained in one office or building
 Twisted pair cable or Co-axial cable connects
the plug in cards to form a network.
 Example
 In large company two departments located on same
floor of a building may have their own LAN network.
 But communicate between two LANs to share the data.
Local Area Network
WAN
 Wide Area network
 Connect systems across wide
geographical area
 Connect through internet or
telecommunication
network(company phone)
• Links computer systems a few
miles or thousands of miles
 Example:
 Company headquarters in
one country and
marketing office is in
another country.
CAN
 Several LANs located in
various locations on a Campus Area Network
college or business
campus
 Smaller than a WAN
 Use devices such as
switches, hubs, and
routers
 1 – 5 km range.
 Within the city
MAN
 Metropolitan Area Network
 Large network that connects different
organizations
 Not owned by single organization
 Maintain by group or single network
provider that’s sells its networking service
to corporate customers
 Provide shared connection to other
networks.
 Large range
MAN
 If the campuses of an organization

are in different cities:
HAN
 Home Area Network
 Small scale network
 Connects computers and entertainment appliances
 Found mainly in the home
 Usually within a range of 32 feet
 Usually use wireless technology
DIFFERENCE BETWEEN LAN,
WAN AND MAN
BASIS LAN MAN WAN
Full Form Local Area Network Metropolitan Area Wide Area Network
Network
Range A communication network This network shares the A communication network
linking a number of stations characteristics of packet distinguished from a Local
in same local area. Range is broadcasting networks. Area Network. Range is
1 to 10 km Range is100 km Beyond 100 km
Media Used Uses guided media(copper Uses guided as well as Uses unguided
twisted pair, copper coaxial unguided media media(wireless)
cable, optical fiber)
Speed A high speed i.e. 100kbps to Optimized for a large Long distance
100mbps geographical area than communications, which may
LAN. or may not be provided by
public packet network.
Cost cheaper costly expensive
Equipment NIC, switch and hub Modem and router Microwave, radio,
needed transmitters and receivers
protocols Attached Resource Frame relay and ATM, FDDI, SMDS
computer network asynchronous transfer
(ARCNET), Token ring Communication
mode(ATM)& Technology
Internet
 A worldwide interconnection of computers and

networks that use the Internet Protocol IP.
There are millions of networks all over the world

and combination/network of these millions of
networks is called internet.
 It allows for WWW, FTP, VoIP, Gaming, File

sharing, video, email.
Q: What is IP?????????
The Internet Protocol (IP) is the method or

protocol by which data is sent from one
computer to another on the Internet. Each
computer (known as a host) on the Internet has
at least one IP address that uniquely identifies it
from all other computers on the Internet.
Intranet & Extranet
 An intranet is a private network, operated
by a large company or any other
organization, which uses internet
technologies, but is insulated from the
global internet.
 An extranet is an intranet that is accessible

to some people from outside the company,
or possibly shared by more than one
organization.
Intranet & Extranet

How Networks Are Structured
 Client/Server network
 Peer to peer networks (P2PN)

 Client/Server network
 Nodes and Servers share data
 Nodes are called clients
 Servers are used to control access
 It may be LAN and WAN
 Database software
 Access to data controlled by server
 Send query to the server ,which searches the database and
return information to the user’s PC
 Peer to peer networks (P2PN)
 All nodes are equal
 Similar type of software that supports the sharing of
resources.
 Each node controls its own resources
 Windows 2000, Me, XP, Macintosh, windows 9x and
modern OS provides P2PN.
 No other software required
 User setting password on shared folder
 Client-Sever & Peer to Peer Network
Q: What’s the difference between Client Sever and Peer 2
Peer Networks?
There’s a huge difference between client/server and

peer-to-peer networks. For instance, a peer-to-peer
network has no central server. Each workstation on
the network shares its files equally with the others.
There’s no central storage or authentication of users.
Conversely, there are separate dedicated servers and
clients in a client/server network. Through client
computer, users can access most files, which are
generally stored on the server. The server will
determine which users can access the files on the
network.
Network
topologies
Topology
 Topology refers to the layout of connected
devices on a network.
 Or How the network devices can be arranged in a network.
 Factors need to be considered to select topology

 Distance between network devices
 The speed at which data travels around the network
 Cost of setting up the network
 And User’ s Requirements

Topology
 Packets/datagram
 Pieces of data transmitted over a network
 Packets are created by sending node
 Data is reassembled by receiving node
 Packet header
 Sending and receiving address
 Control data that helps the receiving node
reassemble in right order

 Packets/datagram
Packet 1
Packet 2
Packet 3
Packet 4
Packet 5
Packet 6

Importance of topology
 Appropriate topology for organization’s need
will move data packets as efficiently as possible
 Preventing collision
 Multiple nodes try to transmit data at same time

Topology
 Some logical topologies of networking
 Star
 Bus
 Ring
 Mesh

Bus Topology

Bus Topology
 Here one long cable act as a backbone to link all the
devices are connected.
 This allows only one device to transmit at a time.
 A device want to communicate with other device on
the n/ws sends a broadcast message onto the wire all
other devices see.
 But only the intended devices accepts and process
the message.

Bus Topology
 Advantages:
1. Ease of installation
2. Less cabling
Disadvantages:
3. Difficult reconfiguration and fault isolation.
4. Difficult to add new devices.
5. If any fault in backbone can stops all transmission.

Star Topology
 Here each device has a dedicated point-to-point link
to the central controller called “Hub”(Act as a
Exchange).
 There is no direct traffic between devices.
 The transmission are occurred only through the
central “hub”.
 When device 1 wants to send data to device 2; First
sends the data to hub. Which then relays the data to
the other connected device.

Star Topology

Star Topology
 Advantages:
1. Less expensive then mesh since each device is
connected only to the hub.
2. Installation and configuration are easy.
3. Less cabling is need then mesh.
4. Robustness.(if one link fails, only that links is
affected. All other links remain active)
5. Easy to fault identification & to remove parts.

Star Topology
 Disadvantages:
1. Even it requires less cabling then mesh when
compared with other topologies it still large.(Ring or
bus).
2. Dependency(whole n/w dependent on one single
point(hub). When it goes down. The whole system is
dead.
3. Hub device can be expensive

Applications
 Star topology used in Local Area Networks(LANs).
 High speed LAN often used star

Ring Topology

Ring Topology
 Here each device has a dedicated connection

with two devices on either side.
 The signal is passed in one direction from
device to device until it reaches the
destination and each device have repeater.
 When one device received signals instead of
intended another device, its repeater then
regenerates the data and passes them along.
 To add or delete a device requires changing
only two connections.
Ring Topology

Ring Topology
 Advantages:
1. Easy to install.
2. Easy to reconfigure.
3. Fault identification is easy.
4. No danger of collisions because only one packets
travels at a time
Disadvantages:
5. Unidirectional traffic.
6. Break in a single ring can break entire network.
Ring Topology
 Applications:
 Ring topologies are found in some office buildings or
school campuses.
 Today high speed LANs made this topology less popular.

Mesh Topology

Mesh Topology
 Here every device has a point to point link to
every other device.
 1 node must be connected with n-1 nodes.
 A fully connected mesh can have n(n-1)/2
physical channels to link n devices.

Mesh Topology
Advantages:
1. They use dedicated links so each link can only
carry its own data load. So traffic problem can be
avoided.
2. It is robust. If any one link get damaged it cannot
affect others.
3. It gives privacy and security.(Message travels
along a dedicated link)
4. Fault identification and fault isolation are easy.
Mesh Topology
 Disadvantages:
1. The amount of cabling and the number of I/O ports
required are very large. Since every device is
connected to each devices through dedicated links.
2. The sheer bulk of wiring is larger then the available
space.
3. Hardware required to connected each device is
highly expensive.

Mesh Topology
 Applications:
1. Telephone Regional office.
2. WAN.(Wide Area Network).
3. P2P Networks

Considerations for choosing topology
 Money-Bus n/w may be the least expensive way to
install a n/w.
 Length-of cable needed- the linear bus n/w uses
shorter lengths of cable.
 Future growth-with star topology, expending a n/w is
easily done by adding another devices.
 Cable type-most common used cable in commercial
organization is twisted pair. Which often
used with star topologies.
SUMMARY
RING TOPOLOGY
ADVANTAGE
ADVANTAGE DISADVANTAGE
DEFINITION DISADVANTAGE
••Data
Data is
is quickly
quickly
••Cable
Cable forms
forms closed
closed
ring transferred
transferred without
without aa ••Data
Data packets
packets must
must pass
pass
ring or
or loop,
loop, with
with all
all
computers
computers andand ‘bottle
‘bottle neck’.
neck’. through
through every
every computer
computer
devices
devices arranged
arranged ••The between
between the the sender
sender and
and
The transmission
transmission ofof
along
along ring.
ring. recipient
recipient therefore,
therefore, this
this
data
data is
is relatively
relatively
makes
makes it it slower.
slower.
simple
simple as
as packets
packets
travel ••If
If any
any of
of the
the nodes
nodes fail
fail
travel in
in one
one direction
direction
only.
only. then
then thethe ring
ring is
is broken
broken
and
and data
data cannot
cannot be be
transmitted
transmitted successfully.
successfully.
••It
It is
is difficult
difficult toto
troubleshoot
troubleshoot
UOG Lahore Campus:Introduction To the
the ring.
ring.
SUMMARY
STAR TOPOLOGY
DEFINITION ADVANTAGE DISADVANTAGE

DISADVANTAGE
ADVANTAGE ••Requires
Requires more
more cable
cable
••All
All devices
devices ••Easy
Easy to
to install
install and
and length
length
connect
connect to
to aa wire.
wire. than
than aa linear
linear topology.
topology.
central
central device,
device, ••Security
Security can
can be
be If
If the
the hub
hub or
or
called
called hub.
hub. implemented concentrator
implemented concentrator fails,
fails,
in
in the
the hub/switch.
hub/switch. nodes
nodes attached
attached are
are
••Easy disabled.
disabled.
Easy to
to detect
detect faults
faults
and
and to
to More
More expensive
expensive than
than
remove
remove parts
parts linear
linear bus
bus topologies
topologies
because
because of
of the
the cost
cost of
of
UOG Lahore Campus:
the concentrators.
Introduction To the concentrators.
SUMMARY
MESH TOPOLOGY
DEFINITION
DEFINITION ADVANTAGE
ADVANTAGE DISADVANTAGE
DISADVANTAGE
••In Require
Require more
more cable
cable then
then
In the
the mesh
mesh ••1.Provide
1.Provide redundant
redundant other
topology other topology
topology ..
topology each
each path
path between
between device..
device..
1.Provide
1.Provideredundant
computer
computer are
redundant
are
connected
connected with
with The
The network
network can
can be
be Complicated
Complicated
each
each other
other by
by expanded
expanded without
without implementations.
implementations.
separate
separate cable..
cable.. disruption
disruption to
to current
current
user..
user..

Network Protocols
 Language of the network
 Rules of communication
 Error resolution
 Defines collision and collision recovery
 Size of packet
 Packet Transmission

Transmission modes

Network Protocols
 TCP/IP
 Transmission Control Protocol/Internet Protocol
 Most popular protocol
 Machines assigned an address of 4 segments
 IP address
 209.8.166.179 is the White House’s web site
 DHCP (Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol)
 Simplifies assignment of IP addresses
 Required for Internet access
 Unix

TCP/IP


Network Protocols
 IPX/SPX
 Internet Packet Exchange/Sequenced Packet
Exchange
 Older protocol
 Associated with Novell Netware
 Replaced by TCP/IP

Network Protocols
 NetBEUI
 Network BIOS Extended User Interface
 Used by Windows to name computers
 For small offices or home
 Doesn't expand well into larger environment
 This protocol provides the user interface. And

Manages LAN.
 It also allow the computers to communicate
within a local area network.
COMMUNICATION
WITH STANDARD
TELEPHONE LINES AND
MODEM

introduction
 Telephone
 Two way transmission of electronic information
 Carry voice message in the form of analogue signal
 But difficult for a typical computer
 Computer and telephone lines use to connect with
internet.
 Need hardware for this purpose

MODEM
 Modulator-demodulator
 Computer communicates in digital/binary
 Consists of on/off pulse representing 1s and 0s
 As on our ptcl phone line data communication is
analog
 So Modem convert digital signals to analogue signal
that can travel over standard telephone lines.

MODEM
 Modulator
 The modem turn the computer ‘s digital signals into
analog signal. Then transmit across phone lines.
 Digital to analogue
 Demodulator
 Receives analogue signals form the phone lines and
convert it into digital signals for the computer.
 Analogue to Digital

Modulator-demodulator

Modem
 Modem’s transmission speed:
 The rate at which it can send data is measured in bits
per seconds(bps)
 Maximum transmission speed is 56000 bits per
seconds or 56 kilobits per seconds, is called 56 K
modem

MODEM
• Is a circuit board that
plugs into one of the
computer’s expansion
slot
• Also available in the
form of PC card in
laptop
EXTERNAL INTERNAL

Uses for a Modem
 Uploading
 Downloading
 Transfer protocols for modems:
 Xmodem
 Ymodem
 Zmodem
 MNP(Microcom Networking Protocol)

Using Digital connection
 Different phone will be needed.
 A digital phone that translates voice into bits rather
than an analog signal is needed.
 No need of modem. An adapter that reformats the
data so that it can travel through the telephone lines
is needed.
 Data can be sent very quickly

Using Digital connection
 Local telephone companies are upgrading
 Service will faster and more reliable
 New phones will be needed
 Modems will need to be upgraded
 Data are transmitted in encrypted form

Broadband connection
 Broadband:
 Term is used to describe any data connection that
can transmit data faster than is possible through dial
up connection using modem.
 Broadband connections called integrated
services digital network(ISDN).

 ISDN lines
 Integrated Services Digital Network
 Basic rate interface(BRI) uses three channels
 Two data channels each support 64 Kbps
 Error correction channel
 Primary rate ISDN (PRI)uses 24 data channels
 T1 uses 24 data channels
 T3 offers 672 digitized voice channels of 64 Kbps
each


DSL technologies
 Digital Subscriber Line

 Popular with home users
 Speeds range from 100 Kbps to 30 Mbps

DSL technologies
 Asymmetrical DSL (ADSL)

 Upload speed slower than download speed
 Symmetrical DSL (SDSL)
 Rate adaptive DSL(RADSL)
 High bit rate DSL(HDSL)
 ISDN DSL (IDSL)
 Very High bit rate DSL(VDSL)

Cable modem connections
 Popular with home and office users

 Speeds between 1 and 3 Mbps
 Requires a cable modem

Wireless Networks
 No cable to pull
 Mobile devices access network resources
 Mobility and flexibility for office workers
 Wireless 802.11
 Also called Wi-Fi
 Speeds upto 11 Mbps
 IEEE standard
 Institute of Electronic and Electrical Engineers
 Several versions
 802.11b connects up to 11Mbps
 802.11g connects up to 56Mbps
Wireless Access Point
 Center of a wireless network

 WAPS combined cover a larger area
 Distance to WAP(Wireless Application Protocol )
determines bandwidth
 Range is 50 to 150 meters
 Extension points can extend range

Wireless Networks
• Wireless Adapters
– Used by devices to connect
– Includes signal strength software


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Computer Networks7

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Networking Basics

Need of Computer Network

 Remote File sharing

 Resource and Data sharing

 Communication and collaboration

 Shared printer would cost effective

• Devices can be connected

UOG Lahore Campus: Introduction To

 If the campuses of an organization

 A worldwide interconnection of computers and

There are millions of networks all over the world

 It allows for WWW, FTP, VoIP, Gaming, File

The Internet Protocol (IP) is the method or

 An extranet is an intranet that is accessible

UOG Lahore Campus: Introduction To

 Peer to peer networks (P2PN)

There’s a huge difference between client/server and

 Factors need to be considered to select topology

UOG Lahore Campus: Introduction To

UOG Lahore Campus: Introduction To

UOG Lahore Campus: Introduction To

UOG Lahore Campus: Introduction To

UOG Lahore Campus: Introduction To

UOG Lahore Campus: Introduction To

UOG Lahore Campus: Introduction To

4. Difficult to add new devices.

5. If any fault in backbone can stops all transmission.

UOG Lahore Campus: Introduction To

UOG Lahore Campus: Introduction To

UOG Lahore Campus: Introduction To

UOG Lahore Campus: Introduction To

UOG Lahore Campus: Introduction To

UOG Lahore Campus: Introduction To

UOG Lahore Campus: Introduction To

 Here each device has a dedicated connection

UOG Lahore Campus: Introduction To

UOG Lahore Campus: Introduction To

UOG Lahore Campus: Introduction To

UOG Lahore Campus: Introduction To

UOG Lahore Campus: Introduction To

UOG Lahore Campus: Introduction To

DEFINITION ADVANTAGE DISADVANTAGE

UOG Lahore Campus: Introduction To

UOG Lahore Campus: Introduction To

UOG Lahore Campus: Introduction To

UOG Lahore Campus: Introduction To

UOG Lahore Campus: Introduction To

UOG Lahore Campus: Introduction To

 This protocol provides the user interface. And

UOG Lahore Campus: Introduction To

UOG Lahore Campus: Introduction To

UOG Lahore Campus: Introduction To

UOG Lahore Campus: Introduction To

UOG Lahore Campus: Introduction To

UOG Lahore Campus: Introduction To

UOG Lahore Campus: Introduction To

UOG Lahore Campus: Introduction To

UOG Lahore Campus: Introduction To

UOG Lahore Campus: Introduction To

UOG Lahore Campus: Introduction To

UOG Lahore Campus: Introduction To

UOG Lahore Campus: Introduction To

 Digital Subscriber Line

UOG Lahore Campus: Introduction To