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Chapter 2 (Linear Programming: Basic Concepts) : Mcgraw-Hill/Irwin
Chapter 2 (Linear Programming: Basic Concepts) : Mcgraw-Hill/Irwin
The Wyndor Glass Company Product Mix Problem (Section 2.1) 2.2
Formulating the Wyndor Problem on a Spreadsheet (Section 2.2) 2.3–2.8
The Algebraic Model for Wyndor (Section 2.3) 2.9
The Graphical Method Applied to the Wyndor Problem (Section 2.4) 2.10–2.20
Using the Excel Solver with the Wyndor Problem (Section 2.5) 2.21–2.28
A Minimization Example—The Profit & Gambit Co. (Section 2.6) 2.29–2.34
McGraw-Hill/Irwin Copyright © 2011 by the McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.
Wyndor Glass Co. Product Mix Problem
Questions:
1. Should they go ahead with launching these two new products?
2. If so, what should be the product mix?
2-2
Developing a Spreadsheet Model
Doors Windows
Hours
Plant 1 1 0 4
Plant 2 0 2 12
Plant 3 3 2 18
2-3
Developing a Spreadsheet Model
A B C D E F G
1 Wyndor Glass Co. Product-Mix Problem
2
3 Doors Windows
4 Unit Profit $300 $500
5 Hours
6 Hours Used Per Unit Produced Available
7 Plant 1 1 0 4
8 Plant 2 0 2 12
9 Plant 3 3 2 18
2-4
Developing a Spreadsheet Model
G
11 Total Profit
12 =SUMPRODUCT(UnitProfit,UnitsProduced)
2-5
Developing a Spreadsheet Model
A B C D E F G
1 Wyndor Glass Co. Product-Mix Problem
2
3 Doors Windows
4 Unit Profit $300 $500
5 Hours Hours
6 Hours Used Per Unit Produced Used Available
7 Plant 1 1 0 0 <= 4
8 Plant 2 0 2 0 <= 12
9 Plant 3 3 2 0 <= 18
10
11 Doors Windows Total Profit
12 Units Produced 0 0 $0
2-6
Formulas for the Spreadsheet Model
A B C D E F G
1 Wyndor Glass Co. Product-Mix Problem
2
3 Doors Windows
4 Unit Profit $300 $500
5 Hours Hours
6 Hours Used Per Unit Produced Used Available
7 Plant 1 1 0 0 <= 4
8 Plant 2 0 2 0 <= 12
9 Plant 3 3 2 0 <= 18
10
11 Doors Windows Total Profit
12 Units Produced 0 0 $0
2-7
A Trial Solution
B C D E F G
3 Doors Windows
4 Unit Profit $300 $500
5 Hours Hours
6 Hours Used Per Unit Produced Used Available
7 Plant 1 1 0 4 <= 1
8 Plant 2 0 2 6 <= 12
9 Plant 3 3 2 18 <= 18
10
11 Doors Windows Total Profit
12 Units Produced 4 3 $2,700
The spreadsheet for the Wyndor problem with a trial solution (4 doors and 3
windows) entered into the changing cells.
2-8
Algebraic Model for Wyndor Glass Co.
2-9
Graphing the Product Mix
6 (4, 6)
4 A product mix of
D = 2 and W = 3
3 (2, 3)
1
Origin
-2 -1 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 D
Production rate (units per week) for doors
-1
-2
2-10
Graph Showing Constraints: D ≥ 0 and W ≥ 0
6
Production rate for windows
0 2 4 6 8 D
Production rate for doors
2-11
Nonnegative Solutions Permitted by D ≤ 4
D=4
6
Production rate for windows
0 2 4 6 8 D
Production rate for doors
2-12
Nonnegative Solutions Permitted by 2W ≤ 12
2 W = 12
6
0 2 4 6 8 D
Production rate for doors
2-13
Boundary Line for Constraint 3D + 2W ≤ 18
Production rate for windows
W
10
(0, 9)
8
1
(1, 7 _)
2
6 (2, 6)
3 D + 2 W = 18
1
(3, 4 _)
2
4
(4, 3)
2
1
(5, 1 )_
2
(6, 0)
0 2 4 6 8 D
Production rate for doors
2-14
Changing Right-Hand Side Creates Parallel Constraint
Boundary Lines
Production rate for windows
W
12
10
3D + 2W = 24
3D + 2W = 18
4
2 3D + 2W = 12
0 2 4 6 8 10 D
Production rate for doors
2-15
Nonnegative Solutions Permitted by
3D + 2W ≤ 18
Production rate for windows
W
10
3D + 2W = 18
4
0 2 4 6 8 D
Production rate for doors
2-16
Graph of Feasible Region
3 D + 2 W = 18
8
D=4
6 2 W =12
Feasible
region
2
0 2 4 6 8 D
Production rate for doors
2-17
Objective Function (P = 1,500)
W
Production rate
for windows
8
Feasible
4
region
P = 1500 = 300D + 500W
0 2 4 6 8 D
Production rate for doors
2-18
Finding the Optimal Solution
Production rate W
for windows
8
Feasible
4
region
P = 1500 = 300D + 500W
0 2 4 6 8 10 D
Production rate for doors
2-19
Summary of the Graphical Method
• Draw the constraint boundary line for each constraint. Use the origin (or any
point not on the line) to determine which side of the line is permitted by the
constraint.
• Find the feasible region by determining where all constraints are satisfied
simultaneously.
• Determine the slope of one objective function line. All other objective
function lines will have the same slope.
• Move a straight edge with this slope through the feasible region in the
direction of improving values of the objective function. Stop at the last instant
that the straight edge still passes through a point in the feasible region. This
line given by the straight edge is the optimal objective function line.
2-20
Identifying the Target Cell and Changing Cells (Excel 2010)
B C D E F G
3 Doors Windows
4 Unit Profit $300 $500
5 Hours Hours
6 Hours Used Per Unit Produced Used Available
7 Plant 1 1 0 1 <= 1
8 Plant 2 0 2 2 <= 12
9 Plant 3 3 2 5 <= 18
10
11 Doors Windows Total Profit
12 Units Produced 1 1 $800
2-21
Identifying the Target Cell and Changing Cells (Excel 2007)
• Choose the “Solver” from the Data tab (Excel 2007) or Tools menu (earlier versions).
• Select the cell you wish to optimize in the “Set Target Cell” window.
• Choose “Max” or “Min” depending on whether you want to maximize or minimize the
target cell.
• Enter all the changing cells in the “By Changing Cells” window.
B C D E F G
3 Doors Windows
4 Unit Profit $300 $500
5 Hours Hours
6 Hours Used Per Unit Produced Used Available
7 Plant 1 1 0 1 <= 1
8 Plant 2 0 2 2 <= 12
9 Plant 3 3 2 5 <= 18
10
11 Doors Windows Total Profit
12 Units Produced 1 1 $800
2-22
Adding Constraints
• To begin entering constraints, click the “Add” button to the right of the
constraints window.
• Fill in the entries in the resulting Add Constraint dialogue box.
B C D E F G
3 Doors Windows
4 Unit Profit $300 $500
5 Hours Hours
6 Hours Used Per Unit Produced Used Available
7 Plant 1 1 0 1 <= 1
8 Plant 2 0 2 2 <= 12
9 Plant 3 3 2 5 <= 18
10
11 Doors Windows Total Profit
12 Units Produced 1 1 $800
2-23
Some Important Options (Excel 2007)
• Click on the “Options” button, and click in both the “Assume Linear Model”
and the “Assume Non-Negative” box.
– “Assume Linear Model” tells the Solver that this is a linear programming model.
– “Assume Non-Negative” adds nonnegativity constraints to all the changing cells.
2-24
The Complete Solver Dialogue Box (Excel 2010)
2-25
The Complete Solver Dialogue Box (Excel 2007)
2-26
The Solver Results Dialogue Box
2-27
The Optimal Solution
B C D E F G
3 Doors Windows
4 Unit Profit $300 $500
5 Hours Hours
6 Hours Used Per Unit Produced Used Available
7 Plant 1 1 0 2 <= 1
8 Plant 2 0 2 12 <= 12
9 Plant 3 3 2 18 <= 18
10
11 Doors Windows Total Profit
12 Units Produced 2 6 $3,600
2-28
The Profit & Gambit Co.
Question: how much should they advertise in each medium to meet the sales
goals at a minimum total cost?
2-29
Profit & Gambit Co. Spreadsheet Model
B C D E F G
3 Television Print Media
4 Unit Cost ($millions) 1 2
5
6 Increased Minimum
7 Increase in Sales per Unit of Advertising Sales Increase
8 Stain Remover 0% 1% 3% >= 3%
9 Liquid Detergent 3% 2% 18% >= 18%
10 Powder Detergent -1% 4% 8% >= 4%
11
12 Total Cost
13 Television Print Media ($millions)
14 Advertising Units 4 3 10
2-30
Algebraic Model for Profit & Gambit
2-31
Applying the Graphical Method
Amount of print media advertising
PM
Feasible
10
region
PM = 3
2
-TV + 4 PM = 4
3 TV + 2 PM = 18
-4 -2 0 2 4 6 8 10 TV
Amount of TV advertising
2-32
The Optimal Solution
PM
10
Feasible
Cost = 15 = TV + 2 PM region
Cost = 10 = TV + 2 PM
4
(4,3)
optimal
solution
0 5 10 15 TV
Amount of TV advertising
2-33
Summary of the Graphical Method
• Draw the constraint boundary line for each constraint. Use the origin (or any
point not on the line) to determine which side of the line is permitted by the
constraint.
• Find the feasible region by determining where all constraints are satisfied
simultaneously.
• Determine the slope of one objective function line. All other objective
function lines will have the same slope.
• Move a straight edge with this slope through the feasible region in the
direction of improving values of the objective function. Stop at the last instant
that the straight edge still passes through a point in the feasible region. This
line given by the straight edge is the optimal objective function line.
2-34