Smoking

Smoking is a habit but curable. Considered as

curable but few people try to control themselves
from doing it. People, students and even
professionals are often tempted to smoke. For
some, smoking relieves tension; superiority among
others, curiosity, satisfaction, and a form of self
deception but the adverse consequences of
smoking is one’s own health.
 Cigarette

• A cigarette is a small roll of finely cut tobacco

leaves wrapped in a cylinder of thin paper for
smoking.

• A cigarette is distinguished from a cigar by its

smaller size, use of processed leaf, and paper
wrapping, which is normally white, though
other colors are occasionally available.
 Different Kinds Of Cigarettes

Non Filters
These type of cigarettes are the most potent as they have the
highest level of tar and nicotine among all cigarettes. As the name
suggests, these types of cigarettes do not have any filters like the regular
ones and so are considered to be more damaging
Full Flavor
These types of cigarettes have a very high flavor. They are also
filtered. Full flavored cigarettes have the second highest level of
nicotine and tar. This gives them a very potent flavor
Lights
These types of cigarettes come with less taste and potency. So,
these tend to be very easy to smoke. The level of tar and nicotine is
significantly lower in these types of cigarettes.
Ultra Lights
These cigarettes are characterized by extremely low levels of tar and
nicotine. Hence, the taste is also very less potent. The filters of these
cigarettes contain very small holes.
Mild Cigarettes
In these cigarettes, there is only a slight decrease in the
nicotine and tar levels. The taste is also mild.

Menthol Cigarettes
The cigarettes in this type are the same as others, with the only
difference being that the tobacco in this type is mixed with menthol,
giving it a minty flavor. Menthol cigarettes are found in full flavored,
light and ultra light types as well.
Roll Your Own
These cigarettes are made individually by the
smokers. The simple technique is to put the tobacco in
a cigarette paper and roll it up. The ends are gummed.
Special Flavors
There are also various types of cigarettes that are made with
different flavored tobacco. The various flavors that the cigarettes
come with are clove, orange, vanilla and cherry. These type of
cigarettes is not very common and is found only in specialty
shops.
Novelty Cigarettes
These are not cigarettes in the real sense, as they do not contain
nicotine. They are the smokeless and electronic cigarettes. They do
use nicotine though, but only as vapor. The smoker receives the
nicotine, but does not take in or blow out any smoke.
Herbal Cigarettes
Herbal cigarettes do not contain tobacco or nicotine. Instead
these cigarettes are made of different herbs or other plant material.
The herbs that are mostly used are mint, cinnamon or lemongrass

Kretek
These cigarettes are made from a blend of tobacco, cloves and
other flavors. These cigarettes were created by Haji Jamahri in the early
1880s.

Electronic cigarettes
 
Electronic cigarettes are nicotine delivery devices that closely resemble
cigarettes but produce no smoke. Due to the novelty of the devices,
the health effects of electronic cigarettes are unknown.
 What is tobacco?

• Botanical Tobacco name: Nicotiana tabacum. Family:

Solanaceae
• Part Used: Leaves cured and dried.
• Habitat: Virginia,America; and cultivated with other species
in China, Turkey,Greece, Holland, France,Germany and most
subtropical countries.
• Tobacco is an annual, with a long fibrous root, stem erect,
round, hairy, and viscid; it branches near the top. Leaves are
large, numerous, alternate, pointed, hairy, pale-green color,
brittle, narcotic odor, with a nauseous, bitter acid taste.
• Tobacco smoke contains 4,000 different chemicals at least
200 are known to be poisonous to people, three principal
dangerous chemicals are: tar, nicotine, and carbon monoxide.
What is
in a cigare
t te ?
 Nicotine
• Nicotine is among the most toxic of all poisons
and acts with great speed.
• The average lethal dose for an adult human is
estimated to be between 30 - 60 milligrams (mg).
• Once relatively common due to its use in
insecticides in the 1920s and 1930s.
• Nicotine is the pharmacological agent in the
tobacco smoke that causes addiction among
smokers.
• The addictive effect of nicotine is linked to its
capacity to trigger the release of dopamine.

What is Dopamine?

-a chemical in the brain that is associated

with the feelings of pleasure.
 Tar
• Describes the particulate matter inhaled when the
smoker draws on a lighted cigarette.
• Each particle is composed of a large variety of organic
and inorganic chemicals consisting primarily of
nitrogen, oxygen, hydrogen, carbon dioxide, carbon
monoxide, and a wide range of volatile and semi-
volatile organic chemicals.
• In its condensate form, tar is a sticky brown substance
which can stain smokers' fingers and teeth yellow
brown. It also stains the lung tissue.
 Carbon monoxide (CO)

• Tobacco smoke contains carbon monoxide. Carbon

monoxide is a colourless, odourless, poisonous gas.
• Carbon monoxide interferes with uptake of oxygen in
the lungs and with its release from the blood to the
tissues that need it.
• When carbon monoxide is inhaled it combines with
the hemoglobin in the blood to form carboxyl
hemoglobin. As carbon monoxide has a chemical
affinity for hemoglobin over 200 times greater than
that of oxygen, it binds preferentially with
hemoglobin.
• Thereby reducing the amount of oxygenated
blood circulated to body organs and tissues.
• The amount of oxygen carried by the blood
may be severely deprived.
• Carbon monoxide is strongly linked with the
development of coronary heart diseases.
• Carbon monoxide also restricts the oxygen
available to the foetus, contributing to the low
weight of babies born to women who smoke.
The baby in the womb cannot grow normally if
deprived of oxygen
 Hydrogen cyanide

• Is also found in cigarettes this affects the cilia

hairs, these help clean the airways and
remove unwanted substances and foreign
bodies, hydrogen cyanide stops the lungs from
doing this and allows the poisonous gas to
build up in the lungs, there is a link to this also
affecting the heart, which in turn can lead to
heart disease and stroke.
 Physiological Effects of Nicotine

Negative Physiological Effects of Nicotine

• Nicotine is the active ingredient in tobacco that acts as a
stimulant on the heart and nervous system. In its pure
form only one drop of approximately 50mg can kill a
person within minutes.
• Nicotine has widespread actions on the cardiovascular
system. The typical cardiovascular response to smoking a
cigarette is similar to the response to sympathetic
stimulation to exercise. There is an increase in heart rate,
cardiac output, and coronary blood flow, a rise in blood
pressure.
• In pregnancy, smoking reduces fetal breathing
movements and makes congenital
abnormalities in the infant. Due to the
addictive properties of the nicotine in tobacco,
the body builds up a tolerance to the drug. The
toxic effects develop rapidly & the damage to
the body is cumulative. Long term effects
increase the chances of lung cancer and other
lung diseases such as emphysema, asthma,
bronchiectasis, and lung abscesses
 Behavioral aspect toward smoking

Experimenting with smoking usually occurs in

the early teenage years and is driven
predominantly by psychosocial motives.
• To look cool & tought
• Parents
• Friends
• Environment
 Hypertension

• Hypertension is not itself a disease but is a

condition of consistently raised blood pressure
above ‘normal’ that, if left untreated, carries a
risk of increased morbidity and mortality from
various cardiovascular diseases, including
stroke and coronary heart disease and renal
impairment.
• The term ‘blood pressure’ refers to the
pressure of blood against the blood vessel walls
 The effect of smoking on Hypertension

• Smoking can cause peripheral vascular disease as well as

hardening of the arteries. This leads to an increase in
heart rate, cardiac output, coronary blood flow & a rise in
blood pressure.
• The most effective lifestyle measure to reduce overall
cardiovascular risk is smoking cessation. Although
stopping smoking has no effect on blood pressure,
smoking multiplies the cardiovascular risk as much as two
to five fold.. Smoking was one factor related to the
persistent excess coronary mortality in men with treated
hypertension
 Lung cancer

• Lung cancer is now the most common type of

cancer in the world, and the total number of cases
that occur annually is estimated to be 1.2 million.
• Lung cancer is a disease which consists of
uncontrolled cell growth in tissues of the lung.
• Lung cancer is the leading cause of cancer death in
both men and women. It is also called carcinoma of
the lung and refers to an abnormal growth within
the lung tissue and the airways of the lungs.
 The effect of smoking on
lung cancer

• The most common cause of lung cancer is

smoking. Smoking causes lung cancer because
there are substances within tobacco that are
known to cause cancer. These substances are
known as carcinogens (which means "cancer-
causing agents"), and it is these carcinogens
that cause the actual damage to the cells in
the lungs. A cell that is damaged may become
cancerous over a period of time.
 Emphysema

• Emphysema is a long-term, progressive disease of

the lungs that primarily causes shortness of breath
due to over-inflation of the alveoli (air sacs in the
lung).
• In people with emphysema, the lung tissue involved
in exchange of gases (oxygen and carbon dioxide) is
impaired or destroyed.
• Emphysema is included in a group of diseases called
chronic obstructive pulmonary disease or COPD
(pulmonary refers to the lungs).
 What Is COPD?

• COPD, or chronic obstructive pulmonary

disease, is a progressive disease that makes it
hard to breathe. "Progressive" means the
disease gets worse over time.
 What Is Coronary Artery Disease?

• Coronary artery disease (CAD), also called coronary heart

disease, is a condition in which plaque builds up inside the
coronary arteries. These arteries supply your heart muscle
with oxygen-rich blood.
• Plaque is made up of fat, cholesterol , calcium, and other
substances found in the blood. When plaque builds up in
the arteries, the condition is called atherosclerosis
 Benefits of cigarette smoking

• Smoking improves human information processing

• Higher nicotine cigarettes produce greater
improvements [in information processing] than
low-nicotine cigarettes.
• Smokers in general are thinner than nonsmokers,
even when they ingest more calories.
• Smoking protects against Parkinson’s disease.
• Smokers have less plaque, gingival inflammation
and tooth mobility than nonsmokers.
 How To Quit
List your reasons for quitting:

• Emphasize immediate benefits. Focus on immediate rewards such as better breath,

the morning cough, fresher clothes, and hair.
• Study your smoking habit. Keep a smoking diary to show when and under what
circumstances you smoke (waking up, with coffee, with friends).
• Plan your quitting. Set a date several weeks in advance and plan ahead.
• Enlist the help of friends and family. Ask friends to not smoke in your presence.
• Get rid of all cigarettes and smoking accessories. Get rid of your favorite ashtrays at
home and at work.
• Eat a better diet. Avoid high calorie foods (they give you cravings for cigarettes).
• Exercise more. Some people quit after they've started jogging, swimming, or any
type of sport.
• Avoid situations linked to smoking. After eating dinner, don't smoke, go for a walk
• Reward yourself. Use the financial rewards of not spending money on smoking to buy
yourself something that you've been wanting.
By : OWE Sagum