Pertemuan 11-Ch. 22

Prepared by
Coby Harmon
University of California, Santa Barbara
Westmont College
22-1
CHAPTER 22
Accounting Changes and
Error Analysis
LEARNING OBJECTIVES
After studying this chapter, you should be able to:
1. Discuss the types of accounting 3. Describe the accounting for
changes and the accounting for correction of errors.
changes in accounting policies. 4. Analyze the effect of errors.
2. Describe the accounting and
reporting for changes in
estimates.
22-2
PREVIEW OF CHAPTER 22
Intermediate Accounting
IFRS 3rd Edition
22-3 Kieso ● Weygandt ● Warfield
LEARNING OBJECTIVE 1
Accounting Changes Discuss the types of accounting
changes and the accounting for
changes in accounting policies.
Background
Accounting Alternatives:
 Diminish the comparability of financial information.
 Obscure useful historical trend data.
Types of Accounting Changes:

1. Change in Accounting Policy.
2. Changes in Accounting Estimate.
Errors are not considered an accounting change.
22-4 LO 1
Changes In Accounting Policy
Change from one accepted accounting policy to another.

Examples include:
 Average-cost to LIFO.
 Cost-recovery to percentage-of-completion method.
Adoption of a new policy in recognition of events that have

occurred for the first time or that were previously immaterial is
not an accounting change.
22-5 LO 1
Three approaches for reporting changes:

1) Currently.
2) Retrospectively.
3) Prospectively (in the future).
IASB requires use of the retrospective approach.
Rationale - Users can then better compare results from one

period to the next.
22-6 LO 1
Retrospective Accounting Change Approach

Company reporting the change
1) Adjusts its financial statements for each prior period
presented to the same basis as the new accounting
policy.
2) Adjusts the carrying amounts of assets and liabilities as

of the beginning of the first year presented. Also makes
an offsetting adjustment to the opening balance of
retained earnings or other appropriate component of
equity or net assets as of the beginning of the first year
presented.
22-7 LO 1
Retrospective Accounting Change: Long-Term

Contracts
Illustration: Denson SA has accounted for its income from long-
term construction contracts using the cost-recovery (zero-profit)
method. In 2019, the company changed to the percentage-of-
completion method. Management believes this approach provides
a more appropriate measure of the income earned. For tax
purposes, the company uses the cost-recovery method and plans
to continue doing so in the future. (Assume a 40 percent enacted
tax rate.)
22-8 LO 1
ILLUSTRATION 22.1
Comparative Income
Statements for Cost-
Recovery versus
Percentage-of-Completion
Methods
22-9 LO 1
Data for Retrospective Change Example ILLUSTRATION 22.2
Journal entry Construction in Process 220,000

beginning of Deferred Tax Liability 88,000
2019
Retained Earnings 132,000
22-10 LO 1
Reporting a Change in Policy

Major disclosure requirements are as follows.
1. Nature of the change in accounting principle.
2. Reasons why applying the new accounting policy provides reliable
and more relevant information;
3. For the current period and each prior period presented, to the extent
practicable, the amount of the adjustment:
a) For each financial statement line item affected; and
b) Basic and diluted earnings per share.
4. The amount of the adjustment relating to periods before those
presented, to the extent practicable.
22-11 LO 1
ILLUSTRATION 22.3
Comparative Information Related to Accounting
Change (Percentage-of-Completion)
22-12 LO 1
Retained Earnings Adjustment

Retained earnings balance is €1,360,000 at the beginning of 2017.
ILLUSTRATION 22.4
Before Change
22-13 LO 1
After Change ILLUSTRATION 22.5
22-14
LO 1
Illustration: Cherokee Construction Company changed from the cost-

recovery to the percentage-of-completion method of accounting for
long-term construction contracts during 2019. For tax purposes, the
company employs the cost-recovery method and will continue this
approach in the future. (Hint: Adjust all tax consequences through the
Deferred Tax Liability account.) The appropriate information related to
this change is as follows.
2018
2019
22-15 LO 1
2018
2019
Instructions: (assume a tax rate of 35%)
(a) What entry(ies) are necessary to adjust the accounting records

for the change in accounting principle?
(b) What is the amount of net income and retained earnings that
would be reported in 2019? Assume beginning retained earnings
for 2018 to be $100,000.
22-16 LO 1
Pre-Tax Income from Long-Term Contracts
Journal entry (recorded in 2019)
Construction in Process 170,000

Deferred Tax Liability 59,500
22-17 LO 1
Comparative Statements
Income
Statement
Statement
of Retained
Earnings
22-18 LO 1
Retrospective Accounting Change: Inventory

Methods
Illustration: Lancer Company has accounted for its inventory
using the average-cost method. In 2019, the company changes to
the FIFO method because management believes this approach
provides a more appropriate measure of its inventory costs.
Additional information for Lancer Company:
1. Lancer Company started its operations on January 1, 2017. At

that time, shareholders invested $100,000 in the business in
exchange for ordinary shares.
ILLUSTRATION 22.6
Lancer Company Information
22-19 LO 1
Retrospective Change: Inventory Methods
ILLUSTRATION 22.6
2. All sales, purchases, and operating expenses for the period

2017–2019 are cash transactions. Lancer’s cash flows over
this period are as follows.
3. Lancer has used the average-cost method for financial

reporting since its inception.
22-20 LO 1
ILLUSTRATION 22.6
4. Inventory determined under average-cost and FIFO for the

period 2017–2019 is as follows.
22-21 LO 1
ILLUSTRATION 22.6
5. Cost of goods sold under average-cost and FIFO for the period
2017–2019 is as follows.
6. Earnings per share is not required on the income statement.
7. All tax effects for this illustration should be ignored.

22-22 LO 1
ILLUSTRATION 22.7
Given the information about Lancer Company. Lancer Financial Statements
(Average-Cost)
22-23 LO 1
ILLUSTRATION 22.7
22-24 LO 1
Illustration 22.8 (to follow) shows Lancer’s income statement,

retained earnings statement, statement of financial position, and
statement of cash flows for 2017–2019 under FIFO.
• The cash flow statement under FIFO is the same as under

average-cost.
• Net incomes are different in each period.
• There is no cash flow effect from these differences in net

income. (If we considered income taxes, a cash flow effect
would result.)
22-25 LO 1
ILLUSTRATION 22.8
Lancer Company information using LIFO. Lancer Financial Statements
(FIFO)
22-26 LO 1
ILLUSTRATION 22.8
22-27 LO 1
Under retrospective application, the change to FIFO inventory

valuation affects reported inventories, cost of goods sold, net
income, and retained earnings.
To account for the change we make the following entry.
Inventory 5,000
22-28 LO 1
Reporting a Change in Policy
Lancer Company
 reports net income under the newly adopted FIFO
method for both 2018 and 2019.
 retrospectively adjusted the 2018 income statement to
report the information on a FIFO basis.
 Notes to the financial statements
• indicate the nature of the change, why the company
made the change, and the years affected.
• provide data on important differences between the
amounts reported under average-cost versus FIFO.
22-29 LO 1
If Lancer presents comparative statements for 2018 and 2019

under FIFO, then it must change the beginning balance of
retained earnings at January 1, 2018. The difference is computed
as follows.
The $2,000 difference is the cumulative effect.
22-30 LO 1
Lancer adjusted the beginning balance of retained earnings on

January 1, 2018, for the excess of FIFO net income over
average-cost net income in 2017.
ILLUSTRATION 22.12
Retained Earnings Statements after Retrospective Application
22-31 LO 1
Direct and Indirect Effects of Changes

 Direct Effects - IASB takes the position that companies
should retrospectively apply the direct effects of a
change in accounting policy.
 Indirect Effect is any change to current or future cash
flows of a company that result from making a change in
accounting principle that is applied retrospectively.
22-32 LO 1
Impracticability
Companies should not use retrospective application if one of the
following conditions exists:
1. Company cannot determine the effects of the retrospective
application.
2. Retrospective application requires assumptions about
management’s intent in a prior period.
3. Retrospective application requires significant estimates that
the company cannot develop.
If any of the above conditions exists, the company prospectively applies

the new accounting principle.
22-33 LO 1
Changes in Accounting Describe the accounting and
reporting for changes in
Estimates estimates.
Examples of Estimates
1. Bad debts.
2. Inventory obsolescence.
3. Useful lives and residual values of assets.
4. Periods benefited by deferred costs.
5. Liabilities for warranty costs and income taxes.
6. Recoverable mineral reserves.
7. Change in depreciation estimates.
8. Fair value of financial assets or financial liabilities.
22-34 LO 2
Changes in Accounting Estimates
Prospective Reporting
Changes in accounting estimates are reported prospectively.
Account for changes in estimates in
1. the period of change if the change affects that period only,
or
2. the period of change and future periods if the change
affects both.
IASB views changes in estimates as normal recurring

corrections and adjustments and prohibits retrospective
treatment.
22-35 LO 2
Illustration: Arcadia HS purchased equipment for $510,000

which was estimated to have a useful life of 10 years with a
salvage value of $10,000 at the end of that time. Depreciation has
been recorded for 7 years on a straight-line basis. In 2019 (year
8), it is determined that the total estimated life should be 15 years
with a salvage value of $5,000 at the end of that time.
Required:
 What is the journal entry to correct No Entry
prior years’ depreciation expense? Required
 Calculate depreciation expense for 2019.
22-36 LO 2
After 7
Changes in Accounting Estimates years
Equipment cost $510,000 First,

First,establish
establishbook
book
Residual value - 10,000 value
valueat
atdate
dateofof
Depreciable base 500,000 change
changeininestimate.
estimate.
Useful life (original) 10 years
Annual depreciation $ 50,000 x 7 years = $350,000
Statement of Financial Position (Dec. 31, 2018)

Property, Plant, and Equipment:
Equipment $510,000
Accumulated depreciation 350,000
Book value (BV) $160,000
22-37 LO 2
Book value $160,000 Second,

Second,calculate
calculate
Residual value (if any) 5,000 depreciation
depreciationexpense
expense
Depreciable base 155,000 for
for2019.
2019.
Useful life 8 years
Annual depreciation $ 19,375
Journal entry for 2019
Depreciation expense 19,375

Accumulated depreciation 19,375
22-38 LO 2
Disclosures
A company should disclose the nature and amount of a change in
an accounting estimate that has an effect in the current period or
is expected to have an effect in future periods (unless it is
impracticable to estimate that effect).
Companies need not disclose changes in accounting estimate

made as part of normal operations, such as bad debt allowances
or inventory obsolescence, unless such changes are material.
22-39 LO 2
GLOBAL ACCOUNTING INSIGHTS
Compare the accounting for accounting changes and error analysis under IFRS
and U.S. GAAP.
Accounting Changes and Errors

The FASB has issued guidance on changes in accounting policies, changes in
estimates, and corrections of errors, which essentially converges U.S. GAAP
to IAS 8.
22-40 LO 5
Relevant Facts
Following are the key similarities and differences between U.S. GAAP and
IFRS related to accounting for accounting changes.
Similarities
• The accounting for changes in estimates is similar between U.S. GAAP and
IFRS.
• Both U.S. GAAP and IFRS use the retrospective approach for accounting
for a change in accounting policy (principle).
• Under U.S. GAAP and IFRS, if determining the effect of a change in
accounting policy is considered impracticable, then a company should
report the effect of the change in the period in which it believes it practicable
to do so, which may be the current period.
22-41 LO 5
Relevant Facts
Differences
• One area in which U.S. GAAP and IFRS differ is the reporting of error
corrections in previously issued financial statements. While both sets of
standards require restatement, U.S. GAAP is an absolute standard—there
is no exception to this rule.
• Under U.S. GAAP, the impracticality exception applies only to changes in
accounting principle. Under IFRS, this exception applies both to changes in
accounting principles and to the correction of errors.
• U.S. GAAP has detailed guidance on the accounting and reporting of
indirect effects. As indicated in the chapter, IFRS (IAS 8) does not
specifically address the accounting and reporting for indirect effects of
changes in accounting principles.
22-42 LO 5
On the Horizon
For the most part, U.S. GAAP and IFRS are similar in the area of accounting
changes and reporting the effects of errors. Thus, there is no active project in
this area. A related development involves the presentation of comparative
data. U.S. GAAP requires comparative information for a three-year period.
Under IFRS, when a company prepares financial statements on a new basis,
two years of comparative data are reported. Use of the shorter comparative
data period must be addressed before U.S. companies can adopt IFRS.
22-43 LO 5
Copyright
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express written permission of the copyright owner is unlawful.
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programs or from the use of the information contained herein.
22-44

Pertemuan 11-Ch. 22

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Pertemuan 11-Ch. 22

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Types of Accounting Changes:

2. Changes in Accounting Estimate.

Errors are not considered an accounting change.

Change from one accepted accounting policy to another.

Adoption of a new policy in recognition of events that have

Three approaches for reporting changes:

3) Prospectively (in the future).

IASB requires use of the retrospective approach.

Rationale - Users can then better compare results from one

Retrospective Accounting Change Approach

2) Adjusts the carrying amounts of assets and liabilities as

Retrospective Accounting Change: Long-Term

Data for Retrospective Change Example ILLUSTRATION 22.2

Journal entry Construction in Process 220,000

Reporting a Change in Policy

Retained Earnings Adjustment

Retained Earnings Adjustment

After Change ILLUSTRATION 22.5

Illustration: Cherokee Construction Company changed from the cost-

Instructions: (assume a tax rate of 35%)

(a) What entry(ies) are necessary to adjust the accounting records

Pre-Tax Income from Long-Term Contracts

Journal entry (recorded in 2019)

Construction in Process 170,000

Retrospective Accounting Change: Inventory

Additional information for Lancer Company:

1. Lancer Company started its operations on January 1, 2017. At

2. All sales, purchases, and operating expenses for the period

3. Lancer has used the average-cost method for financial

4. Inventory determined under average-cost and FIFO for the

6. Earnings per share is not required on the income statement.

7. All tax effects for this illustration should be ignored.

Illustration 22.8 (to follow) shows Lancer’s income statement,

• The cash flow statement under FIFO is the same as under

• Net incomes are different in each period.

• There is no cash flow effect from these differences in net

Under retrospective application, the change to FIFO inventory

To account for the change we make the following entry.

If Lancer presents comparative statements for 2018 and 2019

The $2,000 difference is the cumulative effect.

Lancer adjusted the beginning balance of retained earnings on

Direct and Indirect Effects of Changes

If any of the above conditions exists, the company prospectively applies

IASB views changes in estimates as normal recurring

Illustration: Arcadia HS purchased equipment for $510,000

Equipment cost $510,000 First,

Statement of Financial Position (Dec. 31, 2018)

Book value $160,000 Second,

Journal entry for 2019

Depreciation expense 19,375

Companies need not disclose changes in accounting estimate

Accounting Changes and Errors

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