Chapter 4

SQL
 SQL server
 Microsoft SQL Server is a client/server
database management system.
 A client/server database management system
consists of two components:
 A front-end component (the client), which is used
to present and manipulate data;
 A backend component (the database server),
which is used to store, retrieve, and protect the
databases.
 Components of SQL Server
 The commands you primarily use to query a database on a
database server are
 part of the Structured Query Language (SQL).
 The Structured Query Language is a standardized set of
commands used to work with databases.
 Microsoft SQL Server 2000 supports an enhanced version of
SQL referred to as Transact-SQL
 Transact-SQL commands used to create, maintain, and
query databases
 Microsoft
 SQL Server supports the most recently published standards
for ANSI SQL. Sometimes, the version of SQL implemented
in SQL Server referred to as SQL-92.
 Transact-SQL
 Data Definition Language (DDL) statements,
which enable you to create database objects.
 Data Manipulation Language (DML) statements,
which enable you to query or modify data.
 Data Control Language (DCL) statements, which
enable you to determine,set, or revoke users’
permissions to SQL databases and their objects
 Microsoft SQL Server 2000 supports two
login authentication modes :
 Windows Authentication mode
 Mixed mode

Database
Master – Information about the operation of SQL
Server,including user accounts, other SQL
servers,environment variables,error messages,databases,
storage space allocated to databases,and the tapes and
disk drives on the SQL server.
 Model – A template for creating new databases. SQL
Server automatically copies the objects in this database to
each new database you create.
 Msdb – Information about all scheduled jobs,defined
alerts,and operators on your server. This information is
used by the SQL Server Agent service.
 Tempdb –Temporary information. This database is used
as a scratchpad by SQL Server.
 Northwind, pubs – A sample database for learning SQL
Server.
 Components of SQL Server
 The SQL Server Services
SQL Server Enterprise Manager

 can also create your own server groups to

organize your SQL servers
 SQL Query Analyzer
 Use SQL Query Analyzer to run SQL
queries as well as to optimize the
performance of the queries.
 A query is simply a command you send to
your server. This query can request data
from the server, change data, or delete
information.
SQL Query Analyzer
Using SQL Query Analyzer
SQL Server Database Structure

 the term database refers to a collection of tables

and other database objects such as indexes
 A table consists of rows and columns; these
rows and columns contain the data for the table.
 A database can contain a virtually unlimited
number of tables; each table can contain a
maximum of 1,024 columns (fields).
 Designing and
Implementing Databases
 To design, create, and manage databases :
 Identify the issues for designing
databases
 Create and configure databases
 Manage databases
 Identifying Database Design
Issues
 Databases and Files:
 A database is a collection of database objects;
these objects include tables, indexes, views, and
stored procedures.
 At a minimum, each database consists of a
primary data file with an extension of .mdf.
 In addition to its primary data file,you can
optionally configure SQL Server to store a
database in a secondary data file. These files use
the extension of .ndf.
 Identifying Database Design
Issues
 Transaction Logs:In addition to a database’s
primary data file, you must also create a
transaction log for each database.
 SQL Server automatically assigns the extension
of .ldf to each transaction log file.
 SQL Server uses the transaction log to make it
possible to either recover (roll forward) or undo
(roll back) a transaction to protect your database
from corruption in the event of a server crash..
 File groups
 When create a database, SQL Server
automatically creates a default filegroup
that contains your database’s primary data
file

 SQL Server uses disk space in 8 KB pages.
 SQL Server uses some pages to keep track of the
space allocated within a database
 Within a database, SQL Server allocates space for
database objects such as tables and indexes in
extents.
 An extent is a contiguous block of eight pages for
a total of 64 KB of disk space.
 A database consists of 16 extents per megabyte.
 Creating Databases
 Create a database by using:
 the CREATE DATABASE Transact-SQL
statement.
 the Create Database Wizard.
 SQL Server Enterprise Manager
Using the Create Database Wizard
 Creating a Database Using
Transact-SQL
CREATE DATABASE logical_database_name
ON
PRIMARY (NAME = logical_file_name,
FILENAME = 'path\file_name',
SIZE = size,
MAXSIZE = maxsize,
FILEGROWTH = filegrowth_increment)
LOG ON
(NAME = logical_file_name,
FILENAME = 'path\file_name',
SIZE = size,
MAXSIZE = maxsize,
FILEGROWTH = filegrowth_increment)
 Creating a Database Using
Transact-SQL
 CREATE DATABASE SalesDb
 ON
 (NAME = SalesDb_dat,
 FILENAME = 'c:\data\salesDB_dat.mdf',
 SIZE = 10,
 MAXSIZE = 50,
 FILEGROWTH = 5)
 LOG ON
 (NAME = 'SalesDb_log',
 FILENAME = 'c:\data\salesDB_log.ldf',
 SIZE = 5MB,
 MAXSIZE = 25MB,
 FILEGROWTH = 10%)
 GO
 Creating a Database Using

Transact-SQL
Creating Filegroup
 CREATE DATABASE logical_database_name
 ON
 PRIMARY (NAME = logical_file_name,
 FILENAME = 'path\file_name.mdf',
 SIZE = size,
 MAXSIZE = maxsize,
 FILEGROWTH = filegrowth_increment)
 FILEGROUP filegroup_name
 (NAME = logical_file_name,
 FILENAME = 'path\file_name.ndf',
 SIZE = size,
 MAXSIZE = maxsize,
 FILEGROWTH = filegrowth_increment)
 LOG ON
 (NAME = logical_file_name,
 FILENAME = 'path\file_name',
 SIZE = size,
 MAXSIZE = maxsize,
 FILEGROWTH = filegrowth_increment)
 ALTER DATABASE
 Adding Filegroups to an Existing Database
ALTER DATABASE logical_database_name
ADD FILEGROUP new_filegroup_name
 Adding Files
ALTER DATABASE logical_database_name
ADD FILE
(NAME = logical_file_name,
FILENAME = 'path\file_name.ndf',
SIZE = size,
MAXSIZE = maxsize,
FILEGROWTH = filegrowth_increment)
TO FILEGROUP filegroup_name
 ALTER DATABASE
 Configuring Database Options
ALTER DATABASE database_name
SET option[, status]

ALTER DATABASE movies

SET READ_ONLY
 ALTER DATABASE
 Expanding a Database and its Transaction Log
ALTER DATABASE database_name
MODIFY FILE
(NAME = 'logical_name',
SIZE = size,
MAXSIZE = maxsize,
FILEGROWTH = filegrowth_increment)
 support unrestricted file growth by using the clause

MAXSIZE = UNLIMITED
 Deleting a Database
 DROP DATABASE database_name.
Using SQL Server Enterprise
Manager