Senior RESEARCH PROPOSAL ON:

ASSESSMENT OF COMMUNITY PARTICIPATION ON

WATERSHED MANAGEMENT PRACTICES IN THE CASE OF
HIRUY ABAREGEY KEBELE, NORTHERN ETHIOPIA

PREPARED BY: ID No

1. GELILA MISGANAW………………………..... 345/10

2. GETNET ATALAY………………………….......306/11
3. MASTEWAL ASAYE…………………….………316/11
4. MESERET DESSIE…………………..…….........455/10
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5. TEGBEW BASI…………………..……..............325/11
 INTRODUCTION
1.1. Background of the Study
Watershed is an active delineate of drained water in a
stream system (drained to some point or a stream or river)
to obtain goods and services without adversely affecting the
water basin. Watershed management practice must be
carried out or formulated for sustainable development and
their development potential and health (Sharma and Bharat,
2005).

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 Cont................
However, these water resources are unevenly
distributed both spatially and temporally between 80-
90% of the country surface water resource are found
in major river basins i.e. Abay, Tekeze, Akobo, and
Omogibe. Only 10-20% of the country surface water
recourse access to the population (MADRD, 2005).
Water
shed management resource like land, water and
biomass in watershed to obtain optimum production is
minimum disturbance to the environment .

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 Cont.............
At present the overall objectives of watershed
management and development problem take the
watershed as the hydrological unit aim to adopt suitable
measures for soil and water conservation provide
adequate water for agricultural domestic use and improve
the livelihood of the in habitant (Pauli, 1997). Managing
watershed for sustainable rural development in
developing countries is relatively new concept. It is only
soil, water and vegetation, but also with enhancing the
productivity of resource in a way that are ecologically and
institutionally sustainable (Farrington et al., 1999).

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 Cont...........
Watershed management practiced as means to increase rain
fed agricultural production, conservation natural resource
and reduce poverty in semi-arid tropical region of south Asia
and sub-Sahara Africa, which are characterized by low
agricultural productivity, degradation and high level of
poverty (Kerr, 2002). The success of watershed project is
determined by Environmental service offered by the poor
people to rich farmers who live downstream (Kerr, 2002).
The term environmental service is defined as “a condition
and process through which ecosystem sustain and fulfill
human life, includes the provision of food and goods” (Rose
grand, 2002).

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1.2. Statement of the problem
In the watershed under study there is an excess use of
land for cultivation (even in hilly areas) resulting in the
reduction of grazing land for animal production. The
cultivated land in the study area is highly prone to sheet
and rill erosion due to lack of soil and water
management practice. The reduction of forest coverage
in the up lands and lack of conservation measures in
the hill side area have resulted in the formation of big
and active gullies. The increase in human population in
the study area has reduced land holding per household
and created pressure on limited land for agricultural and
livestock production.
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 Cont..........
As a result, the community is exposed to seasonal food
shortage and health problem. So, the present study
focused to identify major problem and potential for better
and sustainable water management through integrated
watershed management approach so as to improve the
livelihood of the community.


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 Cont.............

Managing watershed for sustainable development in

study area is relatively a difficult phenomenon and
the management of watershed is not only concerned
to stabilize soil, water and vegetation but also
enhancing the productivity of resource. But the
achievement of this not simple in study area in spite
of substantial progress in watershed management
approach. Its benefit for sustainable resource use is
not satisfactory

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 Cont.............
due to lake of awareness by the community, lack of
feeling of ownership to their land, Lack of harmonious
linkage between the local communities. Integrated,
effective participatory and sustainable watershed
management has been suggested; however its
implementation has not been successful due to various
problems. So having this state of condition, this research
was intended to assess constraints of participatory
watershed management practice in the study area.


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 Objectives
General Objectives
The general objective of this study is to assess
participatory watershed management practices in
hiruy abaregey Kebele, in south gonder farta
Woreda.

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 Specific objective

The specific objectives of this study are to:

Assess the level of local community participation on
watershed management practice in study area.
Identify the different soil and water conservation
measure implemented by communities’ participation in
the study area.
Identify constraints of local community participation
in watershed management in the study area.

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 Significant of the study

Assessing the practice of watershed management is

important to understand the status of watershed and
its entire resource management. Studying about
watershed management practice is important to
implement sustainable conservation of natural
resources. This study was help to facilitate good
practice of watershed management by identifying and
analyzing the challenges of watershed management.

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 Scope of the study

The scope this study could be limited to hiruy abaregey

Keble and could be focused on assessment of watershed
management practice and constraints of local
community participation on WSM practices.

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 limitations of the study

This study has some limitations and faced some

constraints: From these, a financial constraint is the
main drawback during conducting this study. Most
farmers were reluctant to spare their scarce time for
interview. The time allocated for the survey was found
to be insufficient to arrange and integrate some of the
questions in the questionnaire and to make proper
follow-up and control of the data collection process.

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 MATERAIALS AND
METHODOLOGY
Description of the Study Area
Location
The study will conducte in hiruy abaregey Farta Woreda
(district), which will locate in south Gonder zone of the Amhara
Regional State (ARS) of northern Ethiopia. Farta district lies
between 11° 32ʹ to 12° 03ʹ latitude and 37° 31ʹ to 38° 43ʹ
longitude (South Gondar Administrative Zone Planning and
Economic Development), 2007; Beadgie & Zemedu, 2019).

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 Cont...............
It is one of the 105 districts in the Amhara Regional state of
Ethiopia, bordering Debre Tabor, the capital of South
Gondar Zone. It will locate at about 100 km northeast of
Bahir Dar, capital city of the Amhara Region, Ethiopia. It is
found within altitude range of 1920–4135 m above sea
level. The district receives an average annual rain fall of
900–1099 mm and a mean ranges temperature of 9–25° C.
The wet or raining season ranges from May to September.
The districts major socio-economic problem is food
insecurity (Ferede et al., 2014).

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 Cont..............
Population
The total population of the study area is 8365. Out of
these 4015 are males, 4350 females and 1673 are
households as per the Abaragay Administrative Office in
2010.E.C).

Climate
According to simplifiying traditional agro- climate
system which considers alone temperature, altitude,
and precipitation, the study area will lies within Dega
(temprate) eighty five percent and fifteen percent
woinadega (tropical), the climate conditions generally
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 Cont..............
Rainfall
The average annual rainfall of study area is 1200-1400 mm as per
the Abaragay Administrative Office in 2010.

Temperature
 The temperature of the study site will be range from 11°C to
22°C for wet season and dry season respectively.

Altitude
The altitude and slope range of the study area is 2233-2761 m
above the main sea level 11c° 000'000"latitude as well as
38c°000'000" longitude .
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 Cont..............
Soil type
 Concerning Hiruy Abaragay Kebele there are four main type
of soil, namely 29% red soil, 1.5% black soil, 8.5% gray soil,
61% brown soil. Mostly the land structure gentle, however,
some areas of Abaragay kebele is undulating and slope area.
The most dominant soil reaction in the study area is silting.

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 Cont................
Water
 In the study area, there are different water
source such as drinking water used,
households use pipe water, households use
ground water, households use natural spring
water, households use pipe water, ground
water and spring water as an alternative.

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 Cont................
 Data Collection Technique
Primary data
In the study area primary data will be collected household
survey interviews and questionnaires to get appropriate
information on the except of farmers on SWC measures.
Critically open ended and closed questions is use for the
household and development agents and office of the
agricultural workers. Besides, the primary data will collect
general observation and questionnaires

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 Cont..............
Secondary data
The secondary data source will be obtained from both published
and unpublished materials from Agricultural office and
development bureaus and other relevant books, journals that
will support for the collection of the data.

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 Sampling techniques and size

For the purpose of this study, simple random sampling is

use to select the sample household for household survey.
The reasons behind choosing this technique are: it avoids
biases during selection of representative samples and it
creates an opportunity to all people in the population equal
chance of being selected. This is by considering or
understanding of the distance.

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 Methods of Data
The study will be employing both primary and secondary data
source. Primary data will be collected from personal interview
and by using semi structured questioners. The secondary data
will be obtained through review of published and unpublished
books, annual reports, governmental documents and others.
So, both methods are relevant for obtaining data from
farmers, development agent and administrative bodies.

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 Data analysis
The data will be summarized and analyze employing
different methods. For descriptive parts of the
percentage and mean values are use. Tables will use
to see whether there is significant association
between responses provide by farmers of different
age groups and educational back ground with their
awareness and attitude towards soil and water
conservation measure.

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 EXPECTED OUTPUT

The findings of this study are expected to identify the role of

community participation on water shed conservation. The study
might help to utilize the water resource of the country for in a
sustainable manner. The findings of this problem in community
shall contribute deepen the knowledge of local people’s attitude
towards water shed management and conservation practices in
general and the study area in particular.

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 Cont................

Therefore, the outcomes of the study will be use in formulating

future environmental policies and strategies at the local level.
Above all the survey is the first of its kind in the area. So that it
may be use to stimulus for further research to refine the
conceptual and methodology of the present study.


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WORKPLAN
Months

No. Plan of activities April May June

1 Title selection       

2 visiting study area         

3 Proposal submission       

4 Preparing questionnaire       

5 Data collection       

6 Data analysis       

7 Data editing       

8 Report writing       

9 Submission of final report       

10 Presentation       
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No. Item
Cont....................
Unit Quantity Price/unit Total price/unit

1 Paper No. 10 0.5 5 birr

2 Pen No. 1 10 10

3 Binder ,, 1 25 25

  Flash ,, 1 100 100

5 Ruler ,, 1 10 10

6 Printing Page 23 2 46

7 Typing Page 23 5 115

8 Transport M 3 times 5 15

9 Pencil No. 1 5 5

1o Contingency Day 5 10 50

11 Mobile card No. 10 5 50

Total 431 Birr

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ii. Increase production and consumption of
legumes

Legumes are rich sources of

proteins, iron and zinc as
well as dietary fiber.

Legumes are important

protein sources for rural
communities.

Fix nitrogen

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iii. Promoting production and mixed
consumption of staple crops

Staple food crops for energy

intake & income generation.

Majority of staples in rural

communities are insufficient
to address micronutrient
deficiencies

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iv. Promoting production and utilization of
animal-source foods

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Fish Farming

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Apiculture

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v. Promoting forestry products for
household consumption

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vi. Promoting under-exploited
traditional foods

rich in vitamin c, fiber and

potassium

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 Lupine
Enset
Anchote

Cassava Ethiopian potato Ethiopian w. mushroom

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Sweet Potato Taro 40
Yam
 Andeha

 Amaranthus
Selselo
 Chewule tuber Bella

 Sorkin

 Komer Ashama

 Diza

 Cactus
Andeha

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Ambako 41
Bamboo
Kudra/Melekuya

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vii. Improving soil fertility to
increase yield and nutrient content
of plant foods

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viii. Promoting use of bio-fortified
crops

Examples
•OFSP
•QPM
•Iron rich beans
and wheat

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Integrated farming

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Integrated continued…

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Integrated continued…

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Integrated continued…

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II) Reducing post-harvest loss and
improve processing
 Reduction of post-harvest food
losses is a critical component of
ensuring the food and nutritional
security of our community

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globally wasted or lost per
year(FAO)

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Reduction in these losses would increase the amount of
food available for human consumption
Improving processing contributes for loss of the product
and the nutrients inside it.

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 III) Income generation activities
Better income contributes to better nutrition of households

Hence, it is important to integrate this strategy with others

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IV) Nutrition Education
Increase dietary diversity

Generate more demand for marketing of nutritious foods,

Improving opportunities to generate income through

production of nutritious foods, and

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Nutrient enrichment/modification
 In addition to the consumption of variety of foods from variety
productions, households can enrich the nutrient contents present
in foods consumed by the family.

 These are:-
 Combination,
 Fermentation,
 Germination,
 Fortification and
 Food supplements

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Combination
 Combination is the process of combining cheaper and commonly
available foods from different food groups to improve the quality
of nutrients.

 These method, of course demands diversified foods production,

access and affordability.

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Fermentation
 Fermentation is a process in which some micro-organisms are
added to the food

 They change nutrients already present in the foods into simpler

and better forms

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 Germination
 Increase the digestibility of foods

 Some carbohydrates and proteins are broken down into smaller &

easily digestible forms

 Increase the nutritive value of food with no additional cost

 Some vitamins and minerals become more when foods are

germinated (anti growth enzymes)

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Food Fortification
Food fortification is the “practice of deliberately increasing the
content of an essential nutrient/s

Fortified food is important in crisis situations:

 fragility triggered by economic crises,
 natural disasters or long-term violent conflict
 diet is often inadequate and unbalanced

Food fortified with vitamins or minerals is distributed to

prevent malnutrition.

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The main types of food fortification

 Commercial and industrial fortification

 Home fortification

 Bio-fortification

 Agronomic bio-fortification

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 Bio-fortification
 The development of macro/micronutrient-dense staple crop
varieties using traditional breeding practices or biotechnology

 Example:
 Orange fleshed sweet potato (vitamin A rich),
 Quality protein maize (protein rich)
 Iron rich bean and wheat

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Agronomic bio-fortification
The application of mineral micronutrient fertilizers to
soils or plant leaves

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 Agriculture- nutrition impact
pathways
 To minimize the impact of malnutrition there must be strong
relationship between agriculture and nutrition.

 The Agriculture and Nutrition linkage pathway of food production

with food consumption and human nutrition can be usefully
considered in terms of three pathways:
• Food production and consumption pathways
• Agriculture income pathway
• women empowerment pathway

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