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06/28/2021
Digital Communication
System Design

Submitted To:
Md. Kamaruzzaman
Lecturer,EEE
Noakhali Science and Technology Univesity

Submitted By: (Group-1)

Shakil Ahamed (ASH1817001M)
Tanim Hasan (ASH1817002M)
Aynal Haque (ASH1817003M)
Eyakub Ali (ASH1817005M)
Shadman Shakib (ASH1817009M)
Hasem Ali (ASH1817010M)
06/28/2021 1
 Communication System
parameters 3

What we will discuss :

• What is Communication system?

• Communication System design
Components : Error Control
Coding.
• Communication System Analysis
Parameters.
• Hardware parameters and
software parameters.
• BER(IsI) VS SNR 06/28/2021
What is Communication System ? 4

Communication system is
a system model describes
a communication exchanges
between two stations,
transmitter and receiver. Signals
or informations passes from
source to distention through
what is called channel, which
represents a way that signal use
it to move from source toward
destination. Figure-1 : Communication System
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 Communication System design Components 5
• Every communication system consist a
transmitter and receiver joined via several
communication entities like source
encoder, channel encoder, modulator etc.
• The channel encoder is used to append the
parity bits and channel decoder find out
errors in received block.
• Communication channel is exposed to noise
sources which can alter the bits or signals
transmitted through this channel.
• For avoiding from exposing to noise;
signals are sent at high power in compare
with noise signals. In the proposed
communication system error correction Figure-2 : Communication System steps
codes are used so that signals can be sent
at low power. The use of error correction 06/28/2021
code avoids the data damage and loss.
Error Control Coding 6

• Error-control coding is a
mechanism in which
redundancies bits are added
into data to be transmitted so
that receiver can detect or
correct some of the errors.
They are two types:
1. Block Code.
2. Convolution Code.
Figure-3: Error control Coding
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 Error Control Coding(cont.)
• Block code:
In this code the information/message bits
and error control bits are in separate blocks.
Before encoding decoding process first data
are compiled into blocks. The message bits
are divided into k size blocks and then
encoding is performed.
7
• Convolutional code:
Convolutional codes are alternatives to
block coding in which encoding and
decoding can take place on a continuous
data bit stream instead of static block as in
block codes.

Figure-5 : Convolutional
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Code
Figure-4 : Block Code
 Communication System Analysis Parameters
8
1. Redundancy: The inclusion of extra
error controlling bits which are
necessary to append with the message
bits for detection and correction the
errors. These bits are calculated by
predefined mathematical rules known
as encoding process. More redundancy
bits have more error correction
capabilities if an optimized encoding
algorithm is used. High redundancy
requires high bandwidth so while Figure-6 : Redundancy
designing an error correction code it
was focused that with low redundancy;
maximum number of errors must be
corrected.
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Communication System Analysis
Parameters(cont.) 9

2. BER :
Bit Error Rate, BER is used as an
important parameter in
characterising the performance of
data channels. When transmitting
data from one point to another,
either over a radio/ wireless link or a
wired telecommunications link, the
key parameter is how many errors
will appear in the data that appears
at the remote end. Figure-7 : BER
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 Communication System Analysis
Parameters(cont.) 10

3. Extensibility:
The communication system or 5. Usability:
error control code can be The error control code widely designed for space
expanded, and improved when and satellite
required and error correction communication but it can be in mobile
capabilities could be increased. communication systems and in other
4. Modularity: communication networks.
The communication system consists
of individual blocks in its
construction and every module or
entity treats the incoming bits or 06/28/2021
signals from one module to the other
as an output source.
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 Hardware Parameters 12
• This analysis is performed on hardware or simulator. For hardware Performance of
the code following parameters can be considered.

1. Probability of
Uncorrected Errors.
2. Signal Power
Consumption
3. Encoding/ Decoding
Delay
4. Encoder/ Decoder
Hardware Complexity
5. Number of Hardware 06/28/2021

Components
 Hardware Parameters ( cont.) 13
• The error correcting codes can be analyzed on the basis of overhead (in
terms of redundant bits) and error correction capabilities of codes. The
term overhead is used to describe the redundant bits. More overhead
requires more bandwidth. For example, maintaining an audit trail might
result in 10% overhead, meaning that the program will run 10% slower
when the audit trail is turned on. Programmers often need to weigh the
overhead of new features before implementing them.

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 Software Parameters 14
• When to design hardware encoder is very complex and costly then software based
encoding decoding is used. This uses some encoding decoding algorithm and
calculates the parity bits (overhead). A good error correction method has low
overhead and better error correction capabilities. The performance analysis of error
correcting codes can be performed on the basis of software parameters. The analysis
parameters are:-

1. Overhead (Error Control Bits)

2. Encoding/Decoding delay
3. Bit Error Ratio (BER)
4. Energy/bit(Eb) and EbN0 Figure-8 : Error Control Bit

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BER (IsI) vs SNR 15

This is very
important for
modifying a
communication
system with BER
and SNR.

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*ISI = Inter symbol interference

Channel Selection 16
Criteria

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Channel (Transmission medium)
A medium that bridges the distance from source to
destination. 17
eg: Atmosphere (free space), coaxial cable, fiber
optic, waveguide
Signal undergoes degradation from noise, interference and
distortion
Transmission systems can be evaluated according to five (5)
main criteria:
Capacity Performance
Distance Security
Cost which include installation, operation and
maintenance
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The two main categories of channel commonly used are:
Line (conducted media):
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The channel is made up metallic cable (such as coaxial

cable, twisted pair, parallel wires, and others) or fiber

optic cable.

Free space or radiated media:

This is the medium where the transmission of signal is
carried out by the propagation of electromagnet wave.
The main applications are in radio broadcasting,
microwaves and satellites transmission systems.

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Elements of Communication System:
19

Receiver
To extract the desired signal from the output channel and to convert it to a form
suitable for the output transducer.
eg: Demodulation, decoding

Other functions performed: Amplification, filtering.

Elements of Communication system

Output Transducer
Converts the electrical signal at its input into a form desired by the system used.
eg: Loudspeaker, PC and tape-recorders
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Losses in Communication System:
20

Various unwanted undesirable effect crop up in transmissions

Attenuation
Reduces signal strength at the receiver.

Distortion
Waveform perturbation caused by imperfect response of the
system to the desired signal itself.
Equalizer can be used to reduced the effect.

Interference
Contamination by extraneous signals from human source. 06/28/2021
Noise
21

Random and unpredictable electrical signals from

internal or external to the system.
The term SNR (signal to noise ratio) is used to measure
performance (noise) relative to an information analog
signal.
The term BER (Bit Error Rate) is used in digital system
to measure the deterioration of the signal.
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Baseband and Modulated Signal:
22

Baseband Signal
Base band signal is the modulating signal/original information
signal either in a digital or analog form (intelligent/message) in
communication system.
Example: voice signal (300Hz – 3400Hz)
Transmission of original information whether analog or digital,
directly into transmission medium is called baseband
transmission.
Modulated Signal
Modulated signal is baseband signal which its original frequency
is shifted to higher frequency to facilitate transmission purposes.
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Block Diagram of Modulation process: 23

Block diagram of modulation

process
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Why Modulation needed?
24

Reduce noise and interference

By using proper frequency where noise and interference are at
minimum.
Increasing power is costly and may damage equipment.

Frequency Assignment
For TV and radio broadcasting, each station has a different assigned
carrier

Multiplexing
Combining several signals for simultaneous transmission on one
channel by placing each signal on different carrier frequency
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Radio Communication System:
25

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Propagation Waves:
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There are three main type of propagation:

1. Ground wave propagation (works below 2 MHz)

2. Sky-wave propagation (works between 2-30 MHz)
3. Space wave propagation/LOS (works above 30 MHz)

Fig:06/28/2021
Diagram of satellite
communication system
 Satellite Communication System:
27
Satellite employs LOS radio transmission over very long distance.
It offers brad coverage even across the ocean and can handle bulk of very long distance
telecommunication.

Fig: Diagram of satellite communication system

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 Performance simulation 28

What is simulation?

A simulation is an approximate imitation of the operation of a process or

system; that represents its operation over time. 
Simulation is used in many contexts, such as simulation of technology for
performance tuning or optimizing, safety engineering, testing, training,
education, and video games.

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It is better to do simulation before
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Implementation!

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Why do we need simulation? 30

In most cases, experiments are:

 Difficult or impossible to perform
 Too dangerous to….
 Expensive and time consuming.
 Blind and many parameters to control.
 Simulation is a powerful tool:
 Can replace experiments.
 Provoke experiments.
 Explain and understand experiments.
 Complete the theory and experiments.
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Code for OFDM
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generation

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Code for OFDM
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performance

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Output

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SIMULTION RESPONSE AND COMPARATIVE
PERFORMANCE STUDIES 40

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SIMULTION RESPONSE AND COMPARATIVE PERFORMANCE STUDIES(Cont…)

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SIMULTION RESPONSE AND COMPARATIVE PERFORMANCE STUDIES(Cont…)

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SIMULTION RESPONSE AND COMPARATIVE PERFORMANCE STUDIES(Cont…)

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SIMULTION RESPONSE AND COMPARATIVE PERFORMANCE STUDIES(Cont…)

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SIMULTION RESPONSE AND COMPARATIVE PERFORMANCE STUDIES(Cont…)

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SIMULTION RESPONSE AND COMPARATIVE PERFORMANCE STUDIES(Cont…)

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SIMULTION RESPONSE AND COMPARATIVE PERFORMANCE STUDIES(Cont…)

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SIMULTION RESPONSE AND COMPARATIVE PERFORMANCE STUDIES(Cont…)

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SIMULTION RESPONSE AND COMPARATIVE PERFORMANCE STUDIES(Cont…)

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Advantages of simulation
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• Study the behavior of a system without building it.

• Results are accurate in general, compared to analytical model.
• Help to find un-expected phenomenon, behavior of the system.
• Easy to perform ``What-If'' analysis.
• Conditions can be varied and outcomes investigated.
• Critical situations can be investigated without risk.
• It is cost effective.
• Simulations can be sped up so behaviour can be studied easily over a long
period of time.
• Simulations can be slowed down to study behaviour more closely. 06/28/2021
Disadvantages of Simulation 51

• Any invaild model may result with confidence in wrong result.

• Expensive to conduct simulation.
• Sometimes it is difficult to interpret the simulation results.
• Simulation is used in some cases when an analytical solution is
possible,or even
preferable.
• Expensive to build a simulation model.

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Stay 06/28/2021

Safe