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Electrical Machine
Introduction
 An electrical machine is a device that can convert either
mechanical energy to electrical energy or electrical energy to
mechanical energy.
 When such a device is used to convert mechanical energy to
electrical energy, it is called a generator.
 When it converts electrical energy to mechanical energy, it is
called a motor. Since any given electrical machine can convert
power in either direction, any machine can be used as either a
generator or a motor.
 Almost all practical motors and generators convert energy from
one form to another through the action of a magnetic field.
 Magnetic Field
 Magnetic fields are the fundamental mechanism by which energy is
converted from one form to another in motors, generators, and
transformers.
 Four basic principles describe how magnetic fields are used in these
devices:
1. A current-carrying wire produces a magnetic field in the area

around it.
2. A time-changing magnetic field induces a voltage in a coil of wire
if it passes through that coil. (This is the basis of transformer
action.)
3. A current-carrying wire in the presence of a magnetic field has a
force induced on it. (This is the basis of motor action.)
4. A moving wire in the presence of a magnetic field has a voltage
induced in it. (This is the basis of generator action.)
 Production of a Magnetic Field
 The basic law governing the production of a magnetic field by a
current is Ampere's law:

where H is the magnetic field intensity produced by the current I and

dl is a differential element of length along the path of integration.
 In SI units, I is measured in amperes and H is measured in ampere-
turns per meter.
 The
  current passing within the path of integration is then Ni, since the
coil of wire cuts the path of integration N times while carrying current i.
Ampere's law thus becomes;

 The relationship between the magnetic field intensity H and the resulting
magnetic flux density B produced within a material is given by,

where H = magnetic field intensity

= magnetic permeability of material
B = resulting magnetic flux density produced
The units of magnetic field intensity are ampere-turns per meter, the
units of permeability are henrys per meter, and the units of the resulting
flux density are webers per square meter, known as teslas (T). The
permeability of free space is called , and its value is
 DC Machine
 A DC Machine is an electro-mechanical energy conversion device. There are
two types of DC machines; one is the DC generator, and another one is known
as DC motor.
 A DC generator converts mechanical power into DC electrical power whereas, a
DC motor converts d.c electrical power into mechanical power.
 Most dc machines are like ac machines in that they have ac voltages and currents
within them dc machines have a dc output only because a mechanism exists that
converts the internal ac voltages to dc voltages at their terminals.
 The AC motor is invariably applied in the industry for conversion of electrical
power into mechanical power, but at the places where the wide range of speeds
and good speed regulation is required, like in electric traction system, a DC
motor is used.
 The construction of the dc motor and generator is nearly the same.

 The generator is employed in a very protected way. Hence there is an

open construction type.
 But the motor is used in the location where they are exposed to dust and
moisture, and hence it requires enclosures for example dirt proof,
fireproof, etc. according to requirement.

Although the battery is an important source of DC electric power, it can

only supply limited power to any machines. There are some applications
where large quantities of DC power are required, such as electroplating,
electrolysis, etc. Hence, at such places, DC generators are used to deliver
power.
 Basic Structure of Electrical Machines

 The rotating electrical or DC machine has mainly two parts; one

is Stator, and another one is Rotor.
 The stator and rotor are separated from each other by an air gap. The
stator is the outer frame of the machine and is immovable. The rotor is
free to move and is the inner part of the machine.
 Both the stator and the rotor are made of ferromagnetic materials.
Slots are cut on the inner periphery of the stator and the outer
periphery of the rotor. Conductors are placed in the slots of the stator
or rotor. They are interconnected to form windings.
 The windings in which voltage is induced is called the Armature
windings. 
 The winding through which a current is passed to produce the main
flux is called the Field windings. To provide main flux in some of the
machine permanent magnets is also used.
 Classification of DC Machines
1. Applications of DC Motors
The main applications of the three types of direct current motors are
given below.
Series Motors
 The series DC motors are used where high starting torque is required
and variations in speed are possible. For example – the series motors
are used in the traction system, cranes, air compressors,Vaccum
Cleaner, Sewing machine, etc.
Shunt Motors
The shunt motors are used where constant speed is required and starting
conditions are not severe. The various applications of DC shunt motor
are in Lathe Machines, Centrifugal Pumps, Fans, Blowers, Conveyors,
Lifts, Weaving Machine, Spinning machines, etc.
Compound Motors
 The compound motors are used where higher starting torque and fairly
constant speed is required. The examples of usage of compound
motors are in Presses, Shears, Conveyors, Elevators, Rolling Mills,
Heavy Planners, etc.
2. Applications of DC Generators
The applications of the various types of DC Generators are as follows:-
Separately Excited DC Generators
 Separately excited DC Generators are used in laboratories for testing
as they have a wide range of voltage output.
 Used as a supply source of DC motors.
 Shunt wound Generators
 DC shunt-wound generators are used for lighting purposes.
 Used to charge the battery.
 Providing excitation to the alternators.
Series Wound Generators
 DC series wound generators are used in DC locomotives for regenerative
braking for providing field excitation current.
 Used as a booster in distribution networks.
 Over compounded cumulative generators are used in lighting and heavy
power supply.
 Flat compounded generators are used in offices, hotels, homes, schools, etc.
 Differentially compounded generators are mainly used for arc welding
purpose.
 Synchronous Machine

 Synchronous Machine constitutes of both synchronous motors as

well as synchronous generators.
 An AC system has some advantages over a DC system.
 AC system is exclusively used for the generation, transmission, and
distribution of electric power.
 The machine which converts mechanical power into AC electrical
power is called a Synchronous Generator or Alternator. However, if
the same machine can be operated as a motor is known
as Synchronous Motor.
 Synchronous machine is an AC machine whose satisfactory operation
depends upon the maintenance of the following relationship.
 Three-Phase Synchronous Machine

The machine which is used in the household appliance such as the small
machine used in air coolers, refrigeration, fans, air conditioners, etc.
However, large AC machines are three-phase type synchronous machines
because of the following reasons.
 For the same size of the frame, three-phase machines have nearly 1.5
times the output than that of the single-phase machine.
 Three-phase power is transmitted and distributed more economical
than single-phase power.
 Three-phase motors are self-starting (except synchronous motors).
 Three-phase motors have an absolute uniform continuous torque,
whereas, single-phase motors have pulsating torque.
In a small synchronous machine, the fielding winding is placed on the
stator, and the armature winding is placed on the rotor whereas for the
large synchronous machine the field winding is placed on the rotor, and
the armature winding is placed on the stator.
AC Motor
Definition: The motor that converts the alternative current into
mechanical power by using an electromagnetic induction phenomenon is
called an AC motor.
This motor is driven by an alternating current. The stator and the rotor
are the two most important parts of the AC motors.
The stator is the stationary part of the motor, and the rotor is the rotating
part of the motor. The AC motor may be single phase or three phase.
The three phase AC motors are mostly applied in the industry for bulk
power conversion from electrical to mechanical. For small power
conversion, the single phase AC motors are mostly used. The single
phase AC motor is nearly small in size, and it provides a variety of
services in the home, office, business concerns, factories, etc. Almost all
the domestic appliances such as refrigerators, fans, washing machine,
hair dryers, mixers, etc., use single phase AC motor.
The AC motor is mainly classified into two types. They are the
synchronous motor and the induction motor .

Synchronous Motor
 The motor that converts the AC electrical power into mechanical
power and is operated only at the synchronous speed is known as a
synchronous motor.
Induction Motor or Asynchronous Motor
 The machine which converts the AC electric power into mechanical power by using an
electromagnetic induction phenomenon in called an induction motor.
Two types of Induction Motors
Single phase induction motor
The single-phase induction motor does not self-start. The main winding carries a current
when the motor is attached to a single-phase power supply.
Applications of Single-phase Induction Motors
The single-phase induction motors are used in low power applications. These motors are
widely used in domestic and industrial applications. 
 Pumps
 Compressors
 Small fans
 Mixers
 Toys
 High speed vacuum cleaners
 Electric shavers
 Drilling machines
Three Phase Induction Motor
 Three-phase induction motors are used extensively in domestic and
industrial appliances because these are rugged in construction
requiring little to no maintenance, comparatively cheaper, and require
supply only to the stator.
Applications of Three Phase Induction Motor
 Lifts
 Cranes
 Hoists
 Large capacity exhaust fans
 Driving lathe machines
 Crushers
 Oil extracting mills
 Textile and etc.
 Working principle of Induction Motor
In three phase induction motor AC supplied to the stator winding. Stator
winding energizes it to create rotating magnetic flux. The generates a
magnetic fields in the air gap b/ns stator and rotor and induces voltage,
which produces current through the rotors bars. The rotor circuits shorted
and flux in the rotor conductors. The action of the rotating flux and the
current produce force that generates a torque to start the motor.
Induction motor speed
AC Generators or Alternators
 AC generator, also known as alternators, is a machine that converts
mechanical energy into electrical energy.
 The generated electrical energy is in the form of an alternating current
sinusoidal output waveform. The mechanical energy is usually supplied
by steam turbines, gas turbines and combustion engines.
 AC generators work on the principle of Faraday’s law of
electromagnetic induction which states that electromotive force -EMF
or voltage – is generated in a current-carrying conductor that cuts a
uniform magnetic field. This can either be achieved by rotating a
conducting coil in a static magnetic field, or by rotating the magnetic
field that contains the stationary conductor. The preferred arrangement
is to keep the coil stationary because it is easier to draw induced
alternating current from a stationary armature coil than a rotating coil.
 The generated EMF depends on the number of armature coil turns,
magnetic field strength, and the speed of the rotating field.
Parts of an AC Generator
The various components of an AC generator are:
1.Field
2. Armature
3. Prime Mover
4. Rotor
5. Stator
6. Slip Rings
Advantages of AC Generators
Following are a few advantages of AC generators over DC generators:
 AC generators can be easily stepped up and stepped down through
transformers.
 Transmission link size might be thinner because of the step-up feature
 Losses are relatively lesser than DC machine.
 Size of the AC generators are relatively smaller than DC generators.
 The difference between Ac motor and Dc motors

The following are the difference between ac motor and dc motor;

1.Depend on power source
 Ac motor are powered form alternating current source, but dc motor
powered from dc current.
2. depend on construct
 Dc motor construct with brushes and have no long life, but ac motor
construct with not brushes and have long life.
3. depend on speed controls
 Dc motor speed is controlled by varying armature winding current, but
ac motor controlled by varying frequency which commonly done by
adjustable frequency drive control.