INTRODUCTION

Toyota Motor Corporation is a Japanese multinational automotive

manufacturer headquartered in Toyota, Aichi, Japan. It was founded by
Kiichiro Toyoda and incorporated on August 28, 1937. In 2017, Toyota's
corporate structure consisted of 364,445 employees worldwide and, as of
December 2019, was the tenth-largest company in the world by revenue.
Toyota is the largest automobile manufacturer in Japan, and the second-
largest in the world behind Volkswagen, based on 2018 unit sales. Toyota was
the world's first automobile manufacturer to produce more than 10 million
vehicles per year, which it has done since 2012, when it also reported the
production of its 200 millionth vehicle.[6] As of July 2014, Toyota was the
largest listed company in Japan by market capitalization (worth more than
twice as much as number 2-ranked SoftBank) and by revenue.
Volkswagen

◦ Volkswagen ˈshortened to VW is a German automaker founded in 1937 by the German

Labour Front and Ferdinand Porsche at the request of Adolf Hitler, known for the iconic

Beetle and headquartered in Wolfsburg. It is the flagship brand of the Volkswagen Group,

the largest automaker by worldwide sales in 2016 and 2017.[2] The group's biggest market

is in China, which delivers 40% of its sales and profits. Popular models of Volkswagen include

Golf, Jetta, Passat, Atlas, and Tiguan. The German term Volk translates to "people", thus

Volkswagen translates to "people's car".

 Time Series
A time series is a collection of observation of well defined data items obtained through repeated
measurements over time. For example, measuring the value of retail sales each month of the year would
comprise a time series.
Utility of the Time series
◦ Comparative study
◦ Forecasting
◦ Analysing the post behaviour of the variables
◦ Study of changes in different field of life is possible.
 Components of Time Series

1. Secular Trend
2. Seasonal Trend
3. Cyclic Movements
4. Random/Irregular Variation

Method of Measuring Trend

1. Free hand or graphic methods 2. Semi averages method
3. Moving average method 4. Method of Least squares
Objective of Time Series
◦ There are many objectives related to time series analysis, objectives of time series analysis may be classified as
◦ 1.Description 2.Explanation 3.Prediction 4.Control
◦ The description of the objectives of time series analysis are as follows:
◦ Description
◦ The first step in the analysis is to plot the data and obtain simple descriptive measures (such as
plotting data, looking for trends,  seasonal fluctuations and so on) of the main properties of the series.
In the above figure, there is a regular seasonal pattern of price change although this price pattern is
not consistent. Graph enables to look for “wild” observations or outlier (not appear to be consistent
with the rest of the data). Graphing the time series makes possible the presence of turning points
where the upward trend suddenly changed to a downward trend. If there is a turning point, different
models may have to be fitted to the two parts of the series.
• Explanation
Observations were taken on two or more variables, making possible to use the variation in one 
time series to explain the variation in another series. This may lead to a deeper understanding.
Multiple regression model may be helpful in this case.
• Prediction
Given an observed time series, one may want to predict the future values of the series. It is an
important task in sales of forecasting and is the analysis of economic and industrial time series.
Prediction and forecasting used interchangeably.
• Control
When time series generated to measure the quality of a manufacturing process (the aim may be) to
control the process. Control procedures are of several different kinds. In quality control, the
observations are plotted on a control chart and the controller takes action as a result of studying the
charts. A stochastic model is fitted to the series. Future values of the series are predicted and then the
input process variables are adjusted so as to keep the process on target.