CHAPTER 4

FLUID FLOW
CONCEPT
 IDEAL AND REAL FLUID

Ideal and real fluid has been discussed in Chapter

1.

For summary,
Ideal fluid - perfect fluid (no friction and
flawless)
Real fluid – inverse with ideal fluid
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 STEADY FLOW

 Flow in an open-channel is considered steady if

the depth of flow (y) does not change and
assumed to be constant during the time
interval; dy / dt = 0.
 Example: Constant flow in piping flow in time

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STEADY FLOW (Example)

4
 UNSTEADY FLOW

 Flow in an open-channel is considered

unsteady if the water surface and depth of flow
fluctuate from time to time. This means, dy / dt
 0.
 Unsteady uniform flow is an impossible
condition
 Example: flood

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 UNIFORM & NON-UNIFORM
FLOW
• Flow is considered uniform if the depth of flow is
the same at every section of the flow (dy/dx = 0).
While, flow is considered non-uniform flow if the
depth of flow varies at different sections of the
flow (dy/dx  0).

Uniform flow Non-uniform flow 6

UNIFORM & NON-UNIFORM FLOW

1. Gradually varied flow (GVF)

the depth changes gradually over a long
distance along the length of a channel.

2. Rapidly varied flow (RVF)

the depth changes abruptly over a comparative
short distance

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 GRADUALLY VARIED FLOW
(GVF)
Example: backwater at the upstream of weir or
sluice gate.

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 RAPIDLY VARIED FLOW
(RVF)
Example: hydraulic jump

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 SUMMARY
Open Channel
Flow

Steady Flow Unsteady Flow

Non-uniform Non-uniform
Uniform Flow Uniform Flow
Flow Flow

GVF GVUF

RVF RVUF

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 LAMINAR & TURBULENT FLOW

Open Channel

Re < 500 - laminar

500 < Re < 12500 - transition
Re > 12500 - turbulent

VD Closed Conduit (pipe)

Re 

 Depends on Reynold
Number Re < 2000 - laminar
 Viscosity of fluid is 2000 < Re < 4000 - transition
constant (newtonian) Re > 4000 - turbulent

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 LAMINAR & TURBULENT FLOW
A glass tube is attached to the tank.
Since the water inflow and outflow
are equal, a constant pressure head
is maintained in the tank. A dye
container having a valve for
regulating the flow of dye is lowered
into the tank. The dye container is
filled with liquid dye of the same
specific weight as that of water. valve

Osborne Reynolds had done the

experiment for types of flow in 1883. Animation 12
 LAMINAR & TURBULENT FLOW

 Initially, the dye filament moves in a

straight line, which is parallel to the
tube. In this case, the flow is laminar.

 After a distance, the dye filament no

longer moves in a straight line and
shows a wavy motion. In this case,
the flow is transient.

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 LAMINAR & TURBULENT FLOW

 Finally, the wavy dye filament

breaks up. Dye particles get
diffused in water and show
random motion. In this case, the
flow is turbulent.

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 LAMINAR & TURBULENT FLOW

Laminar flow Turbulent flow

 Fluid particles move in a  Fluid particles move in a
well-defined path random manner.
 Low velocity  High velocity Transition
It is an
 Velocity distribution in  Velocity distribution in intermediate
parabolic curve logarithm curve state of flow
between
 Effect by viscosity  Effect by inertia laminar and
turbulent.

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 FLOW RATE & VELOCITY
Flow rate, Q
 Total mass quantity of flow in unit time through a
certain cross section (m3/s), while velocity is length
per time (m/s)
 Expressed as
Q = A v or Q = V/T
Where;
Q – flow rate , A – area (m2), v – velocity (m/s),
V – volume (m3), and T - time
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CONTINUITY EQUATION
 It is from Conservation of Mass which is
expressed that fluid mass inflow into the system
is as same as fluid mass outflow from system.
.
 Mass flow rate ( m ) is a fluid mass flows through
a certain cross section in unit time (kg/s).
 The formula is:
.

m  Q  VA

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 CONTINUITY EQUATION

.
m  Q  VA  constant

If ρ1 = ρ2 ,
then A1 V1 = A2 V2
and Q1 = Q2

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CONTINUITY EQUATION
. .

min = mout
ρ1Q1 = ρ3Q3 + ρ4Q4
If ρ1= ρ3 = ρ4
Then,
Q1 = Q 3 + Q 4

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 EXAMPLE 4.1
A 12 mm diameter pipe has a velocity of
0.5 m/s, determine the velocity of water jet
from 3 mm nozzle attached to the pipe.

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 ANSWER 4.1

 Q = A12 V12 = A3 V3
= 122 V12 = 32 V3

 V3 = (12/3)2 V12
= 16 x 0.5 = 8 m/s

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 EXAMPLE 4.2

The velocity of a liquid (sg = 1.4) in a 150 mm

pipeline is 0.8 m/s. Calculate the rate of flow
in L/s, m3/s and kg/s.

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 ANSWER 4.2

V = 0.8 m/s
A = π(0.15)2/4 = 0.01767 m2

Q = AV = (0.8)(0.01767) = 0.01414 m3/s

Q = 0.01414 x 1000 = 14.14 L/s
ρQ = 0.01414 x 1.4 x 1000 = 19.79 kg/s

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SUMMARY OF CHAPTER 4
Flow rate and
Velocity

Laminar & Continuity

turbulent Eqn

Chapter 4

Steady & Uniform &

Un-steady Non-uniform

Ideal &
Real

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