STATISTICS

AND PROBABILITY
Module 5

LESSON 1: RANDOM SAMPLING

LESSON 2: PARAMETERS AND STATISTICS
 RECALL:
"MEAN, VARIANCE AND STANDARD DEVIATION OF A
DISCRETE PROBABILITY DISTRIBUTION"
(X-μ)2 * P(X)
X P(X) X * P(X) X-μ (X-μ)2

2 0.50 1 -3.4 11.56 5.780

8 0.30 2.4 2.6 6.76 2.028
10 0.20 2 4.6 21.16 4.232

MEAN: VARIANCE: STANDARD DEVIATION:

μ=∑[X*P(X)]  σ2= ∑[(X-μ)2 * P(X)] σ= √∑[(X-μ)2 * P(X)]
μ= 1+2.4+2 σ2 = 5.780+ 2.028+ 4.232 σ= √12.04
μ= 5.4 σ2= 12.04 σ= 3.47
LESSON 1:
       RANDOM SAMPLING

EXPECTATIONS:
    After exploring this supplementary
learning material, you should be able to
illustrate random sampling.
 BRIEF INTRODUCTION
A population consists of all members of the group with common characteristics that is the
focus of a research and where the sample is drawn. A sample is a portion, part, or subset of
the entire population. Sampling is a procedure in selecting a sample from the population.
This is usually done when the population is too large for gathering data. Effectively selecting
a sample is essential when a researcher wishes to achieve unbiased results in his/her study;
one of the best ways to fulfill this is by using random sampling.
 Types of Random Sampling 
A. Simple random sampling
 It is the most basic sampling technique. In this sampling technique, every member of the population has an
equal chance of being chosen to be a part of the sample. One way to do simple random sampling is by using the
Table of Random Numbers or by using the lottery method.
Example: A researcher wants to study the number of hours spent by an adult in doing household chores over the weekend in a
certain community. In selecting members of his sample, he wanted to use the simple random sampling technique. If there are
800 adults in the community, how many adults should there be in his sample?
Solution:  Step 2. Assign a number to each Step 4. Put all these pieces
Step 1. Use the Slovin’s 800 adults in the community (1 of paper with numbers on
Formula in determining the to 800). them in a bowl or empty
A
number of adults that should         1-  Adult 1  box. (See figure A.) 
be included in the sample.          2-  Adult 2
        3-  Adult 3  Step 5. Randomly pick out
      267 folded paper from the B
   800-  Adult 800  bowl or box without
looking. (See figure B.) 
Step 3. Write
n=         800 the numbers
(1 to 800) on Step 6. Identify the adults that correspond to
      1+ (800)(0.05)2
piece of the 267 numbers randomly picked.
n= 266.67 or 267 paper. 
 B. Systematic Sampling
 A random sampling technique in which every kth element of the population is selected until
the desired number of elements in the sample is obtained. The value of k is the sampling
interval. 
Example: There are 400 families in a barangay in which fifty families are needed as
sample for an experiment.
Solution: 
Step 1. Prepare a sampling frame by randomly arranging the 400 families. 
Step 2. Assign each family a number from 1 to 400.
FAMILY NUMBER Step 4. Select a number from the whole numbers between 0
Santos 1 and k+1 by simple random technique. The numbers that are
Garcia 2 between 0 and k+1 are 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7 and 8. The chosen value
is called as the random start. 
Step 5. Assume that the randomly selected number is 3. Use 3
Ramos 400 as the starting number. 
Step 3. Find the sampling interval k. Divide the
population size 400 by the sample size 50. Step 6. Select every 8th families from the sampling frame starting from
the 3rd families. 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18,
k= N  =  400   =  8 sample interval 19,.. 1st 2nd 3rd The numbers of the sample will then be 3, 11, 19, 27, …
     n        50
C. Stratified Sampling 
      In stratified sampling, the population is partitioned into several subgroups called strata which are based on
some characteristics like year level, gender, age, ethnicity, etc.

 Example: A clothing company wants to determine whether 1000 customers prefer any specific color over other
colors in shirts. How are you going to choose your sample of 200 customers by using stratified sampling if there are
144, 162, 73, 146, 270, 205 customers per stratum?
Solution: Subdivide the population with To obtain the sample size per color, divide the total number of customers per
their preferred shirt colors into several stratum by the total number of customers, and then multiply the result by 200.
strata, then make a table. Select the members of each sample by using simple random sampling.
Computation of sample size:
POPULATION # OF CUSTOMER
N=1,000 PER STRATUM POPULATION # OF CUSTOMER PER Computation Sample
 N=1,000 STRATUM n= 200
WHITE 144
White 144 144/1000 x 200 29
BLUE 162
Blue 162 162/1000 x 200 32
BLACK 73
Black 73 73/1000 x 200 15
RED 146
Red 146 146/1000 x 200 29
YELLOW 270
Yellow 270 270/1000 x 200  54
GREEN 2005
Green 2005 205/1000 x 200 41
TOTAL: 1000
Total: 1000 200
D. Cluster or Area Sampling
The population is divided into clusters. From these clusters, random sample clusters will be drawn. All the elements from the
sampled clusters will make up the sample.

Example: Suppose some medical researchers want to study the patients in Metro Manila. How are they going to do this using
the cluster sampling technique.

Solution: 
1. Divide the population into clusters. Use few
hospitals as clusters. 
2. Not all the hospitals in Metro Manila will be
included in the sample. This could be selected at
simple random sampling.
 3. Not all the patients in the chosen hospital will be
included in the study. Select the final patients to be
 QUIZ TIME
Directions: Read each question carefully, then write the letter of the correct answer. 
1. It is a sampling technique wherein every element of the population has the same probability of being
chosen to be included in the sample. 
            A. Simple Random Sampling                                                    C. Stratified Sampling 
            B. Systematic Sampling                                                             D. Cluster Sampling 
2. It is a measure that describes the population.
              A. Parameter            B. Sample              C. Sampling              D. Statistic 
3. μ, σ2 and σ are examples of_____________. 
              A. Data                     B. Parameter            C. Sample                D. Statistic 
4. x̄, s2, and s are examples of _____________.
              A. Data                     B. Parameter              C. Sample               D. Statistic 
5. A researcher wants to select 25 people from a population of 75 using systematic sampling. What is the
sampling interval?
              A. 2                           B. 3                                C. 43                       D. 5
 LESSON 2:
       PARAMETERS AND
STATISTICS
EXPECTATIONS:
    After exploring this supplementary learning material,
you should be able to:
1. distinguish between parameter and statistic; and 
2. identify sampling distributions of statistics (sample
means).
 BRIEF INTRODUCTION
A parameter is a measure that describes a population. Parameters are usually
denoted by Greek letters like  .On the other hand, statistic is a measure that
describes a sample. Statistic is usually denoted by Roman letters x, s. A
parameter is a numerical measurement describing some characteristics of a
population. A statistic is a numerical measurement describing some
characteristics of a sample.
 Parameter 
Example of parameters:            1.) Population mean(µ)
                                                       2.) Population Variance (σ )
2

                                                      3.) Population standard Deviation (σ)

Example 1:
 The numbers of teachers in 6 departments of a certain high school are 18, 16, 14, 15, 19, and 20.
Find the population mean.

Solution:
 1. Add all the data: 18 +16 +14 +15 + 19 + 20 = 102
2. Divide the sum by the number of departments n= 102/6 is 17.  Therefore, the population mean is 17. 
Population Variance and Population Standard
Deviation 
   Population variance and standard deviation are widely used measures of dispersion of
data in research. The population variance is the sum of the squared deviations of each
datum from the population mean divided by the population size. The population standard
deviation is the square root of the population variance.

Formula for
Population Standard
Deviation

Formula for
Population Variance
Example 2: The ages of 9 English teachers in a certain public school are 30, 34, 32, 38, 28, 36,
40, 31, and 35. Compute the following:
              a. Population variance                                b. Population standard deviation
Solution:  Step 2. Subtract the Step 3. Square all the
Step 1. Compute the population mean from deviations of the data from
each of the data. (Refer to the population mean.
population mean.
table’s 3rd column)  (Refer to table’s 4th
column) Step 4. Find the sum of all
TEACHER AGE X-μ (X-μ)2 the squared deviations.
(Refer to the last row of the
1 30 30-34= -4 16
table) 
2 34 34-34=0 0
3 32 32-34= -2 4 Step 6. Solve for
population standard
4 38 38- 34= 4  16
deviation.
5 26 26-35= -8 64
6 36 36-34= 2 4
7 44 44-34=10 100
Step 5. Solve for
8 31 23-34= -3 9 population variance.
9 35 35-34  1
∑x= 306 ∑(X-μ)2
Click to add text
Click to add text
 LET'S SUMMARIZE!
• Sample is the subset from the population you want to examine
• There are various sampling methods. These are simple random sampling,  systematic sampling,
stratified sampling, and cluster sampling.
• Simple random sampling is a sampling method where each element of the  population has an equal
chance of being selected. This can be done through the  Table of Random Numbers or lottery
method.
• Systematic sampling is done by selecting every k th element in your population  list. The sampling
interval, k, is calculated by dividing the population size by the  desired sample size.
• Stratified sampling is done by grouping the elements in the population according  to shared
characteristic/s. Then, the researcher selects the appropriate number  of samples from each group.
• Cluster sampling is a sampling method used when the whole population is  subdivided into clusters,
or groups, and random samples are then collected from  each group.
 QUIZ TIME

Determine whether the statement is true or false. Write T if the statement

is true  and F if false on the blank provided before each item.
  1. Parameter is a measure that describes a population.
  2. Statistic is a measure that describes a sample.
  3. An example of a parameter is ´x.
  4. An example of a statistic is μ .
  5. The given value in, “50% of the Philippine senators agreed to
support a  specific bill.” is a statistic.
Word of the Day: