PAPER ANALYSIS

INTRODUCTION
• Papyrus
• Paper is made from plant fibers called cellulose
HISTORY
• Ancient times- bones, rocks and caves
• Civilizations- bee waxed boards, palm leaves etc.
• 4000 years ago- Egyptians- papyrus
• A.D 105- Chinese invented papermaking
• 1411- first water papermill-Portuguese city of leerier
THE MANUFACTURING PROCESS
OF PAPER
• The process involves transformation of wood into a fine thin sheet of paper

Making pulp

Beating

Pulp to paper

Finishing
MAKING PULP
• Mechanical process- Debark grinders filtered
• Chemical process – Digesters Chips(sodium hydroxide and sodium sulphide)
filters
BEATING
PULP TO PAPER
• Calendars
FINISHING
 PAPER EXAMINATION

• Visual examination
• Chemical examination
• Instrumental examination
VISUAL EXAMINATION
• Compound microscope
• Working
• Sample preparation –
 0.5g sample
 1% sodium hydroxide solution
 Hot plate 60 degree C
 Wash the alkaline liquid
 0.05N hydrochloric acid
 250ml of distilled water
 Bring the suspension to 0.1%
 Retain 0.05% of pulp
 CHEMICAL EXAMINATION
• Stains:
• Herzberg:
 Solution A- zinc chloride solution
 Solution B- 0.25g iodine,5.25g potassium iodide in 12.5ml of water

• C-stains:
 Solution A- AlCl3.6H2O solution to 100ml of water
 Solution B- calcium chloride solution
 Solution C- ZnCl2 solution
 Solution D- iodine-iodine solution

• Selleger stain
 100g Ca(NO3)2.4H2O in 50ml water
 3ml solution, 8g potassium iodide in 90ml water 1g Iodine
INSTRUMENTAL EXAMINATION
• XRD (X Ray powder diffraction)