Network Layer: Logical

Addressing

07/11/21 1
 IPV4 ADDRESSES

An IPv4 address is a 32-bit address that uniquely

and universally defines the connection of a device
(for example, a computer or a router) to the
Internet.

07/11/21 19.2
IPv4 Address
The IPv4 addresses are unique and
universal.
An IPv4 address is 32 bits long.
◦ The address space of IPv4 is 232 (4,294,967,296)
◦ Notation.
 Binary notation
 Dotted-decimal notation

07/11/21 19.3
Classfull Addressing
In Classfull addressing, the address space is
divided into five classes: A, B, C, D, and E.

07/11/21 19.4
 Default Network
IP Class Host bits Total hosts Valid hosts
Subnet bits
16, 777, 16, 777,
A 255.0.0.0 First 8 bits Last 24 bits
216 214
B 255.255.0.0 First 16 bits Last 16 bits 65,536 65,534
255.255.25
C First 24 bits Last 8 bits 256 254
5.0

07/11/21 19.5
 Network ID
 First address of subnet is called network ID. This address is used to identify
one segment or broadcast domain from all the other segments in the network.

 Block Size
 Block size is the size of subnet including network address, hosts addresses
and broadcast address.

 Broadcast ID
 Direct broadcast or local broadcast is the last address of subnet and can be
hear by all hosts in subnet.
 Full broadcast is the last address of IP classes and can be hear by all IP hosts
in network. Full broadcast address is 255.255.255.255

 Host Addresses
 All address between the network address and the directed broadcast address
is called host address for the subnet. You can assign host addresses to any IP
devices such as PCs, servers, routers, and switches.

07/11/21 19.6
Change the following IPv4 addresses from binary
notation to dotted-decimal notation.

07/11/21 19.7
Change the following IPv4 addresses from binary
notation to dotted-decimal notation.

Solution
We replace each group of 8 bits with its equivalent
decimal number and add dots for separation.

07/11/21 19.8
Change the following IPv4 addresses from dotted-
decimal notation to binary notation.

07/11/21 19.9
Change the following IPv4 addresses from dotted-
decimal notation to binary notation.

Solution
We replace each decimal number with its binary
equivalent.

07/11/21 19.10
Find the error, if any, in the following IPv4
addresses.

07/11/21 19.11
Find the error, if any, in the following IPv4
addresses.

Solution
a. There must be no leading zero (045).
b. There can be no more than four numbers.
c. Each number needs to be less than or equal to
255.
d. A mixture of binary notation and dotted-decimal
notation is not allowed.
07/11/21 19.12
Find the class of each address.
a. 00000001 00001011 00001011 11101111
b. 11000001 10000011 00011011 11111111
c. 14.23.120.8
d. 252.5.15.111

07/11/21 19.13
Find the class of each address.
a. 00000001 00001011 00001011 11101111
b. 11000001 10000011 00011011 11111111
c. 14.23.120.8
d. 252.5.15.111

Solution
a. The first bit is 0. This is a class A address.
b. The first 2 bits are 1; the third bit is 0. This is a
class C address.
c. The first byte is 14; the class is A.
d. The first byte is 252; the class is E.

07/11/21 19.14
Classes and Blocks
The Classfull addressing wastes a large part of the
address space.
◦ Class A: 0----2^7---- 2^24
◦ Class B:10--- 2^14--- 2^16
◦ Class C: 110---- 2^21--- 2^8
◦ Class D: 1110---1------ 2^28

07/11/21 19.15
Structure of IPv4 Address
Consists of Net ID and Host ID.
CIDR-

Mask
◦ 32-bit number of contiguous 1’s followed by
contiguous 0’s.
◦ To help to find the net ID and the host ID.

07/11/21 19.16
Techniques to reduce address
shortage in IPv4

Subnetting

Network Address Translation (NAT)

MPLS

ATM

07/11/21 19.17
Use of IPv4 Address
Subnetting
◦ Divide a large address block into smaller sub-
groups.
◦ Use of flexible net mask.

07/11/21 19.18
 Subnetting
Dividing a major network into small
networks is called Subneting.
Size of the broadcast domain will get
reduced.
To reduce address shortage in IPv4
Number of systems processing the
broadcast packet will get reduced.
Thus it will improve the performance of
network.

07/11/21 19
Classless Addressing-Subnetting
 To overcome the depletion of address space.
 Restriction
◦ The addresses in a block must be contiguous.
◦ The number of addresses in a block must be a power of 2.
◦ The first address must be evenly divisible by the number of address.
 Mask
◦ Consists of n consecutive 1’s followed by zeros.
◦ n can be any number b/w 0 and 32.
 Tips:
◦ In IPv4 addressing, a block of addresses can be defined as x.y.z.t /n, in which x.y.z.t
defines one of the addresses and the /n defines the mask.
◦ The first address in the block can be found by setting the rightmost 32 − n bits to 0s.
◦ The last address in the block can be found by setting the rightmost 32 − n bits to 1s.
◦ The number of addresses in the block can be found by using the formula
232−n.

07/11/21 19.20
A block of 16 addresses granted to a small organization

07/11/21 19.21
A block of addresses is granted to a small
organization. We know that one of the addresses is
205.16.37.39/28. What is the first address in the
block?

Solution
The binary representation of the given address is
11001101 00010000 00100101 00100111
If we set 32−28 =4 rightmost bits to 0, we get
11001101 00010000 00100101 0010000
or
205.16.37.32.
07/11/21 19.22
A block of addresses is granted to a small
organization. We know that one of the addresses is
205.16.37.39/28. What is the last address in the
block?

Solution
The binary representation of the given address is
11001101 00010000 00100101 00100111
If we set 32 − 28=4 rightmost bits to 1, we get
11001101 00010000 00100101 00101111
or
205.16.37.47

07/11/21 19.23
A block of addresses is granted to a small
organization. We know that one of the addresses is
205.16.37.39/28. Find the number of addresses.

Solution
The value of n is 28, which means that number
of addresses is 2 32−28 or 16.

07/11/21 19.24