One to One Function

Review
A. Determine the domain and range of the following
functions.
1. F = {(1, a), (2, b), (3, d), (4, c)}
2. f(x) = 2x2 – 4x + 6
3. g(x) = x + 4

B. If f(x) = x3 – x and t = {(3, 1), (-2, 3), (0, -5)}, find

1. f(t(3))
2. f(t(-2))
3. f(t(1))
4. t(f(0))

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 Which of the following is a one – to – one
function?
2 -1
1 -2
0 -4
3 -5
2 -1
1 -2
0 -4
3 -5

One-to-One Not One-to-One

x y x y ..., 1,2 ,  2,5 ,  3,5 ,  4,8 ,...
-2 4 -2 4
Not One-to-One
-1 2 -1 3
2
4
-4
-8
2 4
..., 1,2 ,  2,3 ,  3,4 ,  4,5 ,...
4 6
One-to-One
One-to-One Not One-to-One
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 One-to-One Functions
Definition
A function f is one – to – one if every number in
its range corresponds to exactly one number in
its domain, that is, for all x1 and x2 in the domain
of f,
if x1 ≠ x2 then f(x1) ≠ f(x2).
Equivalently, f(x1) = f(x2) when x1 = x2.

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 One-to-One Functions
Examples
Determine if the following functions is one – to – one.

1. f ( x ) =x + 2
2x +3
2. f ( x ) =
x- 1
2
3. f ( x ) =x
2
4. f ( x ) = 16 - x
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 Horizontal Line Test (HLT)
A function is one-to-one if and only if every
horizontal line intersects its graph at only one
point.

Example: Is a quadratic function one-to-one?

Checking method 1: Using the Definition
f  x  x2
Checking method 2: Using its Graph and the HLT

Not One-to-One

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 Increasing and Decreasing Functions

One – to – One
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 Increasing and Decreasing Functions

One – to – One
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 Increasing and Decreasing Functions

Not One – to – One

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 Increasing and Decreasing Functions

Not One – to – One

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 Increasing and Decreasing Functions

One – to – One
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 A function y = f(x) is said to be monotonic on an
interval if it is either strictly increasing or strictly
decreasing on that interval.
A function y = f(x) is monotonic if and only if it is 1 – 1 .
y

  

x V(h,k)

Monotonic 1-1 NOT monotonic NOT 1-1

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 Test for One – to – One Functions
1. In a one – to – one function, every y – value
corresponds to no more than one x – value. To
show that a function is not one – to – one, find at
least two values that produce the same y – value or
show that x1 = x2 when f(x1) = f(x2).

2. Sketch the graph and use the horizontal line test.

2. If the function either increases or decreases on its

entire domain, then it is one – to – one.
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 Consider f(x) = x2

-10 -5 5 10

-5

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 Restricting the Domain of a Function to
Make it One-to-One
If a function f is NOT one-to-one on its domain, a
subset of its domain can be considered where f is
one-to-one. This subset is known as the restriction
of the domain of f.
Examples: Restrict the domains of the following
functions to make them one-to-one.

   3. f  x   x  2 x  1 5. f  x    x  8 x  12
2 2 2
1. f x x

2. f  x   x 4. f  x    x 2  4 x  3 6. f ( x ) =3 x - 4 + 6
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 Inverse Functions

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 Inverse Functions
Definition. Let f be a one-to-one function on a
domain (perhaps restricted). The inverse
function of f, denoted by f -1, is the set if all
ordered pairs of the form (y,x), where (x,y)
belongs to f.
f -1  inverse of the function f
Example: Find the inverse of f   1,2 ,  2,4 ,  3,6 ,  4,8
f 1    2,1 ,  4,2  ,  6,3 ,  8,4
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 F = {(1, a), (2, b), (3, d), (4, c)}

DF : { 1, 2, 3, 4 } Since no two ordered pairs have

the same second components, F
RF: { a, b, d, c } is 1-1 so F has an inverse F 1 .
F 1   (a,1), (b, 2), (d, 3), (c, 4)

DF-1 : {a, b, d, c }

RF-1 : {1, 2, 3, 4 }
1
F(2)  b while F (c)  4

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 Given f (x)  x 3  x & t   (3,1), ( 2, 3), (0, 5)
Find f (t 1 (3)).

f (t 1 (3))  f (( 2))  ( 2) 3  ( 2)  8  2  6

Find t(f (1)).

t(f (1))  t((1)3  (1))  t(0)  5

Find f (t(3)).
f (t(3))  f (1)  (1) 3  (1)  1  1  0
Find f (t 1 (1)).
f (t 1 (1))  f ((3))  (3)3  (3)  27  3  24
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 y = f(x) = 3x +3
y = 3x+3

Solving for x in terms of y y=x

y  3  3x
y3 1 y3
x  x  f (y) 
3 3 y = (1/3)x-1
Interchange x and y
1 x3
yf ( x) 
3 x 0 -1
1 1 f(x)
yf (x)  x  1 3 0
3
x 3 0
Df : R D :Rf
-1

f -1(x) 0 -1
R:R R :R
-1
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 Given y  g( x )  x  1 2

Solving for x in terms of y

x2  y  1
x  y 1
For each y there correspond 2
x’s so the equation does not
define a function. g has NO
inverse.
NOT monotonic so NOT 1-1
Restrict domain to make it monotonic so it will be 1-1
and therefore has an inverse.
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 Consider y  g( x )  x  1 with x  0 2

Solving for x in terms of y g( x)  x 2  1 for x  0

x2  y  1 

1 y=x
x  g (y)   y  1 

Interchange x and y
yg 1
 x   x1


g 1  x    x  1
Dg : x  0 Dg-1 : x  1
x 0 -2 x 1 5
Rg : y  1 Rg-1 : y  0 g(x) 1 5 g -1(x) 0 -2

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 x 0 -2
g(x) 1 5 (-2, 5) 
x 1 5 y=x

g-1(x) 0 -2 (0, 1) 
 (1, 0)

Dg : x  0 Dg-1 : x1 (5,-2)

Rg : y  1 Rg-1 : y  0

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 2
Consider y  g( x )  x  1 with x  0

Solving for x in terms of y

x 2
 y 1 g( x )  x 2  1 for x  0 

1 y=x
x  g (y)  y 1
Interchange x and y 

 x 
1 
yg x1 
g 1  x   x  1
Dg : x  0 Dg-1 : x  1

Rg : y  1 Rg-1 : y  0

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 x 0 2
(2, 5)
 y=x
g(x) 1 5
(5, 2)
x 1 5 
(0, 1) 
g (x)
-1
0 2 
(1, 0)
Dg : x  0 Dg-1 : x  1

Rg : y  1 Rg-1 : y  0

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 Consider y  g(x)  x  2

Solving for x in terms of y

y2  x  2

1
x  g (y)  y  2 2

y=x
Interchange x and y

yg 1
 x  x 2
2 g(x)  x  2


Dg : x  2 Dg-1 : x  0 

g 1  x   x 2  2
Rg : y  0 Rg-1 : y  2 

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 x -2 7 (3, 7)

g(x) 0 3
y=x

x 0 3 
g(x)  x  2
(7, 3)
g (x)
-1
-2 7
(-2, 0)


Dg : x  2 Dg-1 : x  0 
g 1  x   x 2  2

Rg-1 : y  2 (0, -2)

Rg : y  0

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 x3
y  h( x ) 
x2 (-3,6)

 (0, 3)
y=1
Solving for x in terms of y (-7, 2)

xy  2y  x  3
(  32 ,0 )  
xy  x  2y  3 
(3,0)

2y  3 (0,  32 ) 
x  h (y)  1 (6,-3)
y 1 x = -2 y = -2
x=1  (2,-7)
 2x  3
1
y  h (x) 
x1
Dh: all x R except x = -2 Dh-1: all x R except x = 1

Rh: all y R except y = 1 Rh-1: all y R except y = -2

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 x 0 3 -3 -7 (-3,6) 

h(x) 3 y=1
0 6 2 (-7, 2)  (0, 3)
2 

3 (  32 ,0 )  
x 0 6 2  (3,0)
2
(0,  32 ) 
(6,-3)
h-1 (x) 3 0 -3 -7 x = -2 y = -2
x=1  (2,-7)

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 Proving that the Inverse of the Function
Exists
Theorem 5.2: If f is a one-to-one function on a
domain, then f -1 exists.

Theorem 5.3: Let f be a one-to-one function with

domain X and range Y. Then a function g with
domain Y and range X is the inverse of f if and
only if
f(g(x)) = x for every x Є Y
and
g(f(x)) = x for every x Є X.
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 Proving that the Inverse of the Function
Exists
In other words, if g = f -1, then
f(f -1(x)) = x for every x Є Y
and
f -1(f(x)) = x for every x Є X.
Example: Given that f ( x )  x 3
 1 and g ( x)  3 x  1 .
Show that g  f 1(that is, g is the inverse function of f ).

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 Examples
x2 - 4
1. Show that g(x) = is the inverse of
3
f ( x)  3x  4 .

3x  2
2. Show that f ( x)  is its own inverse.
5x  3

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 Seatwork
1. If f is a function defined by f(x) = 3x-1, prove
that f -1 exists. Then find f -1.
1 x 1
f 
3

1
2. Show that f ( x)  is its own inverse.
3x  5

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 Prepare for a quiz next meeting.

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Finding the Equation of the Inverse of f
Let f be a one-to-one function defined by the
equation y = f(x). The equation of the inverse
of f can be found by
• exchanging x and y
• solving for y; and
• equating y to f -1(x).

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