Hand Instruments

HAND CUTTING INSTRUMENTS
IN OPERATIVE DENTISTRY
CONTENTS
•
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Introduction
• Materials used in manufacturing hand instruments
• Instrument design
Presented by: Dr. Pragya Tripathi

• Balance and contrangling
• Instrument nomenclature
• Instrument formula
• Single and double planed instrument
• Direct and lateral cutting instrument
• Bevels
• Right and left instruments
• Single and double ended instruments
• Classification 3
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• Instrument grasps
• Rests

• Instrument sharpening
• Instrument sterilization
• Conclusion
• References
4
INTRODUCTION
• The term “Instrument” refers to a tool or a device used for
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specific purpose or work.
• Instruments used in dentistry varied from the time they

came into existence. Some are still used today while some
have been modified and some others have become obsolete.
5
• Earlier, Removal and shaping of tooth structure was an
essential part of restorative dentistry, was difficult and time
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consuming accomplished entirely by the use of hand
instruments.

• The advent of modern high speed instruments has
eliminated the need for many hand instruments.
Nevertheless, certain hand instruments still remain an
indispensable part in the performance of quality restorative
dentistry.
6
MATERIALS
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• Hand cutting instruments are manufactured from two main
materials:

 Carbon steel and stainless steel
 Carbon steel: Alloy of iron with small percentages of
carbon(0.5-1.5%)
 Other ingredients are manganese 0.2%, silicone0.2%.
 Carbon steel is harder than stainless steel, but when unprotected
will corrode. It maintains the sharp edge under use, so is used
for making blade and actual cutting edge of the instrument.
7
• Stainless steel : iron
chromium :12-30%
carbon :0.15%
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• Chromic oxide – prevents corrosion..
• Loses keen edge during use much more quickly than does

carbon steel.
• Used for making the handle and the shank and part of the
blade.
• To gain maximum benefits from carbon steel or stainless
steel ,they are subjected to Hardening and tempering heat
treatments
8
• Hardening heat treatment hardens the alloy, also making it
brittle, if the C content is high.
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• Tempering heat treatment relieves strains and increases
toughness.

• Other materials used: Monel metal(Ni,Cu,Fe)
Nichrome(Ni,Cr,Fe)
Stellite(Co,Cr)
9
INSTRUMENT DESIGN
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Consists of 3 parts
 Handle

 Shank
 Blade
• For many non cutting
instruments, the part
corresponding to the blade is
termed as NIB
• The end of the nib or the working
surface is FACE
10
SHAFT/HANDLE
• Available in various sizes and shapes, handles can be
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serrated to increase friction for hand gripping.

• A large, heavy handle is not always conducive to delicate
manipulation. Most handles are small in diameter and light.
11
LONG HANDLES AND CONE
SOCKETS
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• Instruments are known as “long handled”,if the handle,
shank and the blade are all made from single piece of steel.

• If the shank and blade or nib are separate from the handle
and intended to be screwed into it,the instrument is called
“cone socket” instrument.
• The advantage of cone socket instrument is that if the
working part is broken, it may be replaced at less expense.
12
THE SHANK
• Connects the shaft with the
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blade or working end of the
instrument.It may have one or

more angulation, to avoid the
instrument having a tendency to
twist in use when force is
applied.
13
BALANCE AND CONTRANGLING
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• Enamel and dentin are hard substances to cut and require the
generation of substantial forces at the tip of the instrument.

• To accomplish this ,hand instruments must be sharp and
balanced. Balance allows for the concentration of force
onto the blade without causing rotation of the instrument in
the grasp. Sharpness concentrate the force onto a small area
of the edge, producing a high stress.
14
• The shanks of instruments have
multiple angles to keep the working
end of the instrument within 2 to
3mm of the long axis of the handle.
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• A)The working end of the
instrument is not close to the long
axis of the handle and hence it is not

balanced.
• B)The shank has 2 angles, so that the
working end is brought near to
(within 2 mm)the long axis of the
handle.This provides balance for the
instrument to facilitate control of the
instrument during application of
force. The instrument is said to be
contrangled.
15
• The instrument can be
monangled, binangled,
triple-angled and
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quadrangled.
• The length of the blade

required is determined by the
depth of the cavity and the
blade angle is determined by
the accessibility
requirements.
• In addition to balance,
contrangling provides better
access for instrumentation.
16
THE BLADE
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• It is that part of the instrument
bearing the cutting edge. It

begins at the angle where the
shank is terminated. The blade
ends in the cutting edge.
17
CUTTING EDGE
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• It is the working end of the instrument. It is usually in the
form of a bevel with different shapes.

18
THE CUTTING EDGE ANGLE
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• It is defined as an angle between
the margin of the cutting edge and

the long axis of the shaft.
19
THE BLADE
ANGLE
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• It is defined as the angle

between the long axis of the
blade and the long axis of
the shaft.
20
NOMENCLATURE
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Dr. Black gave 4 classes in establishing a nomenclature for hand
instruments.

1.ORDER-Purpose of the instrument. Eg: excavator
2.SUBORDER-Position or manner of use. Eg: push, pull
3.CLASS-Form or design of working end. Eg: hatchet
4.SUBCLASS-The shape of the shank, monoangle, binangle.
21
• Naming the instrument usually moves from subclass to
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order.(4-1)
Eg: Binangle hatchet push excavator

subclass class suborder order
• The suborder is nonspecific and for practical purpose is
usually omitted.
• Eg: Binangle hatchet excavator
22
INSTRUMENT FORMULA
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• Cutting instruments have formulas describing the

dimensions and angles of the working end.These are
placed on the handle using a code of three or four
numbers separated by dashes or spaces.
• In a three numbered formula
• The first number indicates the width of the blade in tenths
of a millimeter(0.1mm)
• The second number indicates length of the blade in
millimeters
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• The third number indicates the blade angle.
• 15- 8-12 binangle hatchet
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blade width1.5mm
blade length 8mm

blade angled 12°from the axis of handle or shaft
24
12/08/21 Presented by: Dr. Pragya Tripathi
25
• When the primary cutting edge is at an angle other than
90°to the long axis of the blade,a 4th unit is added to the
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basic 3 unit formula.
• This number ,the cutting edge angle,represents the angle

formed between the cutting edge and central axis of the
shaft.
• It is placed in the second position of the 4 numbered
formula.
• eg.,121/2-100-7-14 GMT
26
SINGLE PLANE AND DOUBLE PLANE
INSTRUMENT
• An instrument with the shank and the blade in
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the same plane is called as a single planed
instrument. Even if they have 2 or 3 angles in
the shank all are in the same plane.

• A single plane instrument could be laid on a
table top so that all its angle coincide with the
plane of the table eg.hatchet
• GMT with the curved blade is a double plane
instrument, making an angle with the flat plane.
The curved blade accentuates the lateral
scraping ability of the instrument.
27
DIRECT CUTTING AND LATERAL
CUTTING INSTRUMENTS
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Direct cutting Lateral cutting
Force is applied in same Force is applied at right

plane as that of the blade angle to the plane of the
and handle. blade and handle.
Usually single planed All double planed

instrument are used. instrument, contrangled are
used.
Eg: straight chisel Eg: GMT

28
BEVELS
• Bevel is the angled surface of the cutting edge.
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• The principle of cutting instrument is to concentrate forces
on a very thin cross section at the cutting edge. Thinner the
cross section, at the bevel, more pressure that is

concentrated and the more efficient the instrument will be.
• They can be :
 Single beveled
 Bibeveled
 Triple beveled, and
 Circumferentially beveled

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SINGLE BEVELED INSTRUMENT
• Instruments have a bevel on one side of
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the instrument.
• The instrument is held with the blade

facing downward and away from the
operator.
• If they are beveled on the side away from
the shaft, they are called “distally beveled”
• Otherwise termed as “contra beveled” or
“reverse beveled”
• If they are beveled on the side of the blade
towards the shaft they are called “mesially
beveled”
30
• When these instrument have no angle in the shank, or an
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angle of 12° or less, they are used in push (direct
cutting)motion and scraping motions(beveled to non

beveled)
• If this angle in the shank exceeds 12°,the instrument could
be used in pull(distally beveled) and push( mesially
beveled) motions
31
BIBEVELED INSTRUMENTS
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• The blade of a bibeveled instrument has
2 bevels of equal dimension on the

opposite side of the blade, placing the
cutting edge in the centre.
• Eg: Hatchet
• Cut by being pushed in the direction of
the long axis of the blade.
32
TRIPLE BEVELED INSTRUMENTS
• Beveling the blade laterally, together with
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the end, forms three distinct cutting edges.
Other than the 1°cutting edge, two
additional cutting edges called the

2°cutting edges, extend from the primary
edge for the length of the blade.
• This type of beveling increases the cutting
potential of small, single planed
instruments.
• Eg- chisel, angle former.
33
CIRCUMFERENTIALLY BEVELLED
INSTRUMENTS
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• The blade of the cutting instrument
is beveled at all peripheries and is

usually are double planed
instruments.
Eg: Spoon excavator.
34
RIGHT AND LEFT INSTRUMENTS
• Direct cutting instruments are made
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either right or left by placing a bevel on
one side of the blade.

• If the instrument is held with the cutting
edge down and pointing away from the
operator and the bevel is on the Right
side, it will be a “Right” sided
instrument
• If the bevel is on the Left, it is the “Left”
sided instrument
35
• Lateral cutting instruments are made
left and right by having the curve or
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angle, which is at right angle to the
principal plane(shaft plane),either on
the right or on the left.

• Holding the instrument with its blade
down and cutting edge pointing away,
the instrument having that curve of the
blade directed to the right is right
instrument and vice versa for the left.
36
• Identifying rings on the shaft, identifies Right of the pair.
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37
SINGLE AND DOUBLE ENDED
INSTRUMENTS
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• Instruments are available with blades and shanks on both
ends of the handle.

• Such instruments are double ended. The right instrument of
the pair is on one end of the handle and the left instrument
is on the other end.
• Single ended instrument are safer to use, but double ended
instruments are more efficient because they reduce
instrument exchange.
38
CLASSIFICATION
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According to Marzouk: Instruments for operative
dentistry procedures can be generally classified as

• Those used for exploration
• Those used for removal of tooth structure.
• Those used for restoration of teeth.
39
I. Those used for exploration
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A) Dry the area on the tooth:

This necessitates the use of an
• Air syringe.
• Pair of tweezers (pliers)
• Cotton pellets to dry the tooth.
• Cotton rolls – to isolate the area around the tooth.
40
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B) Illuminate the area : A source of light could be either
an overhead fixture supplying non-reflecting light or an

intra-canal light. They can be
 Battery operated lights.
 Built in lights attached to dental unit.
 Light attached to mirror or hand piece.
• Light can be introduced directly or indirectly by
reflecting it on the field via a mirror.
41
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C) To retract the soft tissues:
The hand mirror is used to move the tongue and cheek

away.
 Blunt plastic instruments may help in retraction.
 Tongue depressor or retractors are sometimes helpful
for this procedure.
42
43
D) To probe the potential lesion:
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 Explorers are used for this purpose.
 These are 4 types of explorers.

 Straight explorer.
 Right angled explorer
 Arch explorer
 Interproximal explorer.
44
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II) Those used for tooth structure removal:

 Hand cutting instruments.
 Rotary cutting and abrasive instruments.
 Ultrasonic instruments
45
III) Those used for restoring:
– Mixing instruments
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– Spatulas
– Plastic instruments

– Condensing instruments
– Burnishing instruments
– Carvers
– Files
– Knives
– Finishing and polishing instruments.

46
According to Charbeneau: Operative instruments can
be conveniently classified into 6 categories.
I. Cutting instruments
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– Hand
 Hatchets

 Chisels
 Excavators
 Others
– Rotary
 Burs
 Stones
 Disks
 Others
47
II. Condensing instruments
- Pluggers
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 Hand
 Mechanical

III. Plastic instruments
 Spatulas
 Carvers
 Burnishers
 Packing instruments
48
IV. Finishing and polishing instruments
• Hand
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 Orange wood sticks
 Polishing points

 Finishing strips
• Rotary
 Finishing burs
 Mounted brushes
 Mounted stones
 Rubber cups
 Impregnated disks and wheels
49
V. Isolation instruments
• Rubber dam frame
• Clamps, forceps, punch
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• Saliva ejector
• Cotton roll holder

• Evacuating tips and equipment
VI. Miscellaneous instruments

• Mouth mirrors
• Explorers
• Probes
• Scissors
• Pliers
• Others
50
EXCAVATORS
• For excavation and removal of carious dentin and for
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the shaping of internal parts of cavity preparation.

TYPES
A) HATCHET EXCAVATORS 3-2-28
• Single planed, bibeveled instrument.
• Mode of use: Pull or push in direction of the blade
• Use: Anterior teeth-retentive areas, sharpening the
internal line angle, direct gold restoration in posterior
teeth.
51
B). Hoe Excavator 4½ -1½ - 22
• Single planed instrument
• Primary cutting edge perpendicular to
axis of handle
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• 4 possible movements: vertical,
push(pull), right & left

Uses:
• Remove harder residual caries as well
as form the internal parts of cavity
• Cutting mesial & distal walls of
premolars & molars
• Class III & class V preparation for
direct gold restoration
• Shanks contrangled for heavier &
longer blades
52
C) Spoon Excavator 8-6-12 ;13-8-12
• Cutting edge has semicircular
circumferential bevel & is sharpened to thin
edge
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• Curve of the blade makes it lateral cutting
instrument

• Double planed instrument with right and left
cutting movements
• Paired instrument with the curve of one
blade directed from right to left & other
from L-R
• Instrument of choice for removal of carious
dentin
53
Spoon excavators
• Triple angled discoid
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spoon
• Binangle spoon or regular

spoon or banana spoon
• Binangle discoid spoon
54
D) Discoid Excavator(disc like)10-2-12
• Double planed instrument with R or L cutting
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movements
• Blade is disc shaped, with the cutting edge extending

around the periphery except where it is joined to the
shank
55
E) Cleoid Excavator(claw like) 20-2-12
• Double planed with lateral cutting movements
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• Blade resembles claw, hence the name “CLEOID”
Uses:

• Excavating decay in areas of difficult access
• Carving amalgam & wax
56
CHISELS
• Chisels are instruments designed for planning or cleaving enamel &
dentin
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• Characterized by a blade that terminates in a cutting edge formed by
one sided bevel.

• Cutting edge is at right angle to the shaft.
• Chisels are angled for better access.
• 4 types-
 straight chisel
 monoangled chisel
 binangled chisel
 triple angled chisel
57
STRAIGHT CHISEL:12 – 7- 0
-straight blade in line with the shank & blade,
-bevel on one side
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-primary edge is perpendicular to axis of handle
-single planed instrument

USE: to remove unsupported enamel rods in a single thrust
movement
MODE OF USE: with the bevel facing away from the cavity,
the instrument is used in push motion
58
MONOANGLED CHISEL: 10 – 7- 8
• single planed,
• single angle in the shank,
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• mesially or distally bevelled.
BINANGLED CHISEL:

• 2 angles in the shank,
• mesially or distally bevelled
• Cleave or split undermined enamel.
TRIPLE ANGLED CHISEL:
• singled planed instrument,
• 3 angles in the shank,
• flattens pulpal floor,
• mesially or distally bevelled 59
WEDELSTAEDT CHISEL:15-10-3;20-10-3
• Similar to straight chisel with a slight vertical curvature in the
shank (the blade does not make a real angle with the shaft).
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• Beveled on one side.
• If bevel is on the side toward the curvature of shank- mesially

bevelled.
• If bevel is on the side away from the shank-distally bevelled.
• Primary cutting edge in a plane perpendicular to the axis of the
handle.
USE : Cleaving undermined enamel and for shaping walls.
• Mesially bevelled:push motion
• Distally bevelled:pull motion
60
SPECIAL FORMS OF CHISELS
Enamel hatchet 10-7-14
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• Hatchet is different from chisel with the cutting edge
parallel or in the same plane as the shaft.

• Single planed instrument.
• The shank may have one or more angles.
• They are paired, right and left.
• Are used for planing or cleaving enamel & dentin walls
during cavity preparation.
61
• Certain hatchets are “bi-bevelled”. The blade has two
bevels of equal dimension placing the cutting edge in the
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centre. This type of hatchet is single ended.
• Used to refine line and point angles in varied forms of

cavity preparation.
• Their blade lengths are short & are used in anterior teeth,
where dimensions are small.
• 4 potential cutting movements- vertical, push, pull &
either right or left lateral cutting.
62
GINGIVAL MARGIN TRIMMER
• GMT is a modified hatchet.
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• The cutting edge makes an angle other right angle with the
axis of the blade.
• Blade of GMT is curved & is a double planed instrument with

lateral cutting action.
• They are paired instruments
• Single beveled instrument, either Mesially or distally beveled.
63
• They are double ended, paired instruments.
• A Mesial and a distal GMT,each with a
Right and Left blade at their ends.
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• If the acute angle of the cutting edge is
nearer to the shaft,it is a mesial GMT and
vise versa.

• Holding the instrument with its blade down
and cutting edge pointing away,the
instrument having that curve of the blade
directed to the right is a right instrument
and vise versa.
• GMT takes the 4 numbered formula:
12- 95- 10- 12
12 ½ - 100 – 7 – 14
12 ½ - 75 – 7 – 14 64
• When the second number in the formula is 90-100,
the pair is used as distal GMT.
• 85-75 : mesial GMT.
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• 100 & 75 pairs are used for inlay/onlay
preparations with steep gingival bevels.

• 90 & 85 pairs are for amalgam preparations with
gingival enamel bevels that decline gingivally only
slightly.
USES:
• Roundening of axio-pulpal line angle of tooth
surface preparation.
• Forming sharp angles in internal parts of cavity
preparation.
65
ANGLE FORMER
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• 12-85-5-8 ; 8-80-3-9
• The cutting edge is sharpened at an

angle to the axis of the blade.
• The angle of cutting edge to the blade
axis is usually 80-85º
66
USES:
• To accentuate line & point angle in the
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internal outline form in cavities for
cohesive gold to establish retention form.

• The action of instrument is essentially
lateral scrapping.
• Blade of the angle former is beveled on
the sides as well as the end to form 3
cutting edges.
67
OFFSET HATCHET
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• Similar to regular hatchet except that the whole blade is
rotated quarter turn forward or backward around its long
axis.

• Single planed instrument.
• Right or left.
• Used to create and shape specific angulations for cavity
walls especially in areas of difficult access.
68
TRIANGULAR CHISEL
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• Blade is triangular in shape with the base of the blade
away from the shaft.

• It has terminal cutting edge like a straight chisel.
69
MOUTH MRROR
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• Clear & distinct vision
• Quite unique

• To see obscure areas
• Reflects operating light
• Mirrors come in different size
70
USES OF THE MOUTH MIRROR
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• INDIRECT VISION – when the operator uses a mirror
to view area of the oral cavity not seen with direct

vision.
• REFLECTION OF LIGHT – illumination of an area
being examined or treated.
• RETRACTION – when the cheeks or tongue are
retracted for better visibility and for protection of the
tissues.
• TRANSILLUMINATION – Reflection of light through
the tooth surface to detect fractures.
71
• Plane or regular surface mirrors
have reflective surfaces(silver coatings)
on the backs of the glass. This gives the
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image a “ghost image” as the light
reflects from the glass and the silver
layer.

• Front surface mirrors have reflective
coatings (rhodium) on top of the glass.
This coating eliminates the “ghost
image”; it reflects only once to give a
clear view free of distortion.
• Concave surface mirrors magnify the
image.
72
73
74
75
76
77
78
79
INSTRUMENT GRASPS
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• A proper instrument grasp is essential for performing
operative procedures.

• It provides control of the instrument, allowing precise
adaptation and flexibility of motion.
• Prevents muscle fatigue, while allowing application of
controlled pressure to the instrument.
80
MODIFIED PEN GRASP
• Pads of the thumb,index, and the
middle fingers contact the instrument.
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• The tip of the ring finger and the little
finger rest on the nearby tooth surface

of the same arch as a rest.
• The pad of the middle finger is placed
near the topside of the instrument,
generating the cutting pressure.
81
INVERTED PEN GRASP
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• The finger positions are the same as for
the modified pen grasp. However, the
hand is rotated so that the palm faces

more toward the operator.
• This grasp is used mostly for tooth
preparations utilizing the lingual
approach on anterior teeth.
82
PALM AND THUMB GRASP
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• The handle is placed in the palm of the
hand and grasped by all the fingers, while
the thumb is free of the instrument and

serves as rest.
• Limitation in tactile sensitivity and
flexibility of the instrument
• Used in anterior region and used for
sharpening instruments.
83
MODIFIED PALM AND THUMB
GRASP
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• The handle of the instrument
is held between the pads of the

four fingers pressing it against
the palm, as well as the pad
and 1st joint of the thumb.
• Greater ease of instrument
movement and more control
against slippage.
84
RESTS
• Finger rest or fulcrum is essential for the
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controlled movement of an instrument.
• It is the point of support from which the hand
moves to activate the instrument and also

provides control and prevents injury to the soft
tissues from an instrument which inadvertently
slips.
• Closer the rest areas are to the operating tooth,
more reliable they are.
• Neither soft tissue rests nor distant hard tissue
rests afford reliable control.
85
• Modified pen grasp and inverted pen grasp:
ring and little finger on tooth/teeth of same
arch
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• Palm and thumb grasp:
Tip of thumb on the same tooth/adjacent

tooth.
Rests can be established on the opposite
quadrant.
• Indirect rest :Operating hand rests on the

opposite hand, which rests on stable oral
structure.
86
SHARPENING HAND
INSTRUMENTS
• “No man has ever yet become a good and efficient dentist
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until after he has learned to keep his cutting instruments
sharp”—G.V.Black

• As said above, selecting and using the proper instrument
mean little if the instrument is not sharp.
• Instruments are dulled by repeated contact with tooth
tissues and by frequent sterilization. Use of instruments
with dull cutting edges cause more pain, prolong working
time,reduce quality and preciseness in cavity preparation
and also make control difficult. Therefore it is essential
that all cutting instruments be sharp.
87
• Sharpening is done by reducing the bulk of the metal at the
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cutting edge, following the original configuration of the
bevel.

• There are many types of sharpening instruments which
include :
 stationary oil stones e.g.Arkansas stones
 mechanical sharpener
 diamond hone
 stones used in handpiece
88
PRINCIPLES OF
SHARPENING
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1)Sharpen instruments only after they have
been cleaned and sterilized.

2)Establish the proper bevel angle (usually 45
degrees) and the desired angle of the cutting
edge to the blade before placing the
instrument against the stone, and maintain
these angles while sharpening.
3)Use a light stroke or pressure against the

stone to minimize frictional heat.
89
4) Use a rest or guide whenever possible.
5) Remove as little metal from the blade as possible.
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6) Lightly hone the unbeveled side of the blade after

sharpening, to remove the fine bur that may be created.
7) After sharpening, resterilize the instrument along with

other items on the instrument tray setup.
8) Keep the sharpening stones clean and free of metal

cuttings.
90
STERILIZATION OF HAND CUTTING
INSTRUMENT
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• Sterilization can be accomplished by autoclaving, dry heat
procedures, ethylene oxide equipment and chemical vapor

sterilizers.
• Boiling and chemical solutions only disinfect the
instruments.
• Sterilizing carbon steel instruments by methods other than
dry heat, causes discolouration, rust, and corrosion.
• High heat in dry heat procedures, may reduce the hardness
of the alloy, reducing the instrument to retain a sharp
cutting edge.
91
12/08/21
• Boiling water or autoclave methods of sterilization do
not produce discolouration of stainless steel instruments.

However prolonged immersion in cold disinfectant
solutions may cause rust.
92
CONCLUSION
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• Modern hand instruments, when used, produce beneficial
results for both the operator and the patient. It should be
noted that some of these results can be satisfactorily

achieved only with hand instruments.
• To perform the intricate and detailed procedures
associated the dentist must have a complete knowledge
of the purpose, availability and application of the
instruments required.
93
REFERENCE
12/08/21
• Operative dentistry: Modern theory and practice – MA
Marzouk, I Edition.

• The art and science of operative dentistry – Sturdevent,
IV Edition.
• Principles and practice of Operative Dentistry –
Charbenaeu.
• Delmar's dental assisting: a comprehensive approach -
Donna J. Phinney, Judy H. Halstead
94
95

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Hand Instruments

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HAND CUTTING INSTRUMENTS

Presented by: Dr. Pragya Tripathi

Presented by: Dr. Pragya Tripathi

Presented by: Dr. Pragya Tripathi

Presented by: Dr. Pragya Tripathi

Presented by: Dr. Pragya Tripathi

Presented by: Dr. Pragya Tripathi

Presented by: Dr. Pragya Tripathi

Presented by: Dr. Pragya Tripathi

• Available in various sizes and shapes, handles can be

Presented by: Dr. Pragya Tripathi

Presented by: Dr. Pragya Tripathi

• Connects the shaft with the

Presented by: Dr. Pragya Tripathi

Presented by: Dr. Pragya Tripathi

Presented by: Dr. Pragya Tripathi

Presented by: Dr. Pragya Tripathi

Presented by: Dr. Pragya Tripathi

Presented by: Dr. Pragya Tripathi

Presented by: Dr. Pragya Tripathi

Presented by: Dr. Pragya Tripathi

Presented by: Dr. Pragya Tripathi

Presented by: Dr. Pragya Tripathi

Presented by: Dr. Pragya Tripathi

blade length 8mm

Presented by: Dr. Pragya Tripathi

Presented by: Dr. Pragya Tripathi

Presented by: Dr. Pragya Tripathi

Usually single planed All double planed

Eg: straight chisel Eg: GMT

Presented by: Dr. Pragya Tripathi

 Triple beveled, and

Presented by: Dr. Pragya Tripathi

Presented by: Dr. Pragya Tripathi

Presented by: Dr. Pragya Tripathi

Presented by: Dr. Pragya Tripathi

Presented by: Dr. Pragya Tripathi

Presented by: Dr. Pragya Tripathi

Presented by: Dr. Pragya Tripathi

Presented by: Dr. Pragya Tripathi

Presented by: Dr. Pragya Tripathi

Presented by: Dr. Pragya Tripathi

Presented by: Dr. Pragya Tripathi

Presented by: Dr. Pragya Tripathi

Presented by: Dr. Pragya Tripathi

 Right angled explorer

Presented by: Dr. Pragya Tripathi

Presented by: Dr. Pragya Tripathi

Presented by: Dr. Pragya Tripathi

Presented by: Dr. Pragya Tripathi

Presented by: Dr. Pragya Tripathi

 Impregnated disks and wheels

Presented by: Dr. Pragya Tripathi

VI. Miscellaneous instruments

Presented by: Dr. Pragya Tripathi

Presented by: Dr. Pragya Tripathi

Presented by: Dr. Pragya Tripathi

Presented by: Dr. Pragya Tripathi

• Double planed instrument with R or L cutting

Presented by: Dr. Pragya Tripathi

Presented by: Dr. Pragya Tripathi

Presented by: Dr. Pragya Tripathi

Presented by: Dr. Pragya Tripathi