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Origins :
Ayahuasca Psilocybin
Presented By:
Stacey King,
Derek Lee, and Steven Phillips
01/19/01
History
Definition:
An Amazonian brew, also called yage, containing powerful
hallucinogenic alkaloids used for spiritual purposes. In native
Quechuan language “ayahuasca” means “vine of the dead.”
Folk Use:
--Pre-Columbian rock drawings
--Early explorer- Richard Spruce
--Medicine of the Amazonian shamans
Preparation
Gathering:
Prayer and fasting
Ingredients/Botany:
Banisteriopsis caapi - Vine of the soul
Psychotria viridis - Chacruna
Diplopterys cabrerana
Peganum harmala
others
Preparation:
Pulverize B. Caapi and boil with P. viridis and other admixture plants for 12- 15 hours
Synthetic Versions:
Pharmahuasca
Banisteriopsis caapi and Psychotria viridis
Banisteriopsis caapi
Effects
The Purge:
Natural vs. synthetic
Hallucination:
“Elves”, mandala-like designs, life visions
Physiological:
Statically higher upregulation of serotonin receptors (Callaway et. al., 1994)
EEG shows a higher activity in the visual band (Don et. al., 1998)
Monoamine Oxidase Inhibitors
Monoamine oxidase:
An enzyme that oxidatively deaminates other biogenic amines such as serotonin,
tryptamine, and tyramine, rendering them inactive.
Harmaline
Tetrahydroharmine
Harmine
Warning: Dangerous Interactions
Hypertensive crisis: Foods to Avoid!!!!!
Taking food with Tyramine
Cheese
increases levels of Epinephrine
Alcoholic beverages
resulting in high blood pressure,
treated with nifedipine or
Ginseng
clonidine Aged Meat
(sausage, bologna, salami)
Toxic Serotomimetic Reaction: Soy sauce
a.k.a. serotonin syndrome
Chocolate and Coffee (lg. amts.)
Overstimulation of serotonin
causing rigidity, shivering, and
and confusion, treated with
5-HT2 blockers
Hallucinogenic Compounds
DMT
(dimethyltryptamine)
SAM
CH3
N
CH3
N
H
DMT
Teonanacatl:
The Mushroom Flesh of the Gods
(Psilocybin and Psilocin)
Psilocybe cubensis
History
– Threshold dose = 5 mg
– Typical dose = 10-20 mg
– 30 times more potent than mescaline
– .01 times as potent as LSD
– Subjective comparison to LSD vs. Leary’s hypothesis:
less abstract, not a stimulant
– Duration: 4-6 hours
– Oral Activity
– Potentiated by MAOI but not required
Have you licked a toad today?
Bufo alvarius
Bufotenine: Does it really work?
•Structurally similar to known psychoactive tryptamines
•Binds at same serotonin receptors as known psychoactive
tryptamines
•Other “goodies” in the toad
•Can it reach the brain?
Partition Coefficients
Drug Part. Coef.
5-MeO-DMT 3.30
Psilocin 3.30
Bufotenine 0.06
•The epinephrine factor (Chen & Kovarikova, 1967.)
•B. alvarius vs. B. marinus
References
Baskys, A Remington, G (1996): “Brain Mechanisms and Psychotropic Drugs”.
Callaway, J et. al. (1994): “Platelet Serotonin Uptake Sites Increased in Drinkers
of Ayahuasca”. Psychopharmacology 116: (3) 385-387
Chin and Kovarikova (1967): “Pharmacology and Toxicology of Toad Venom”.
Journal of Pharmaceutical Science 56:1535-41
Don N et. al. (1998): “Effects of Ayahuasca on the Human EEG”.
Phytomedicine 5: (2) 87-96
McBride, M (2000): “Bufotenine: Toward an Understanding of Possible
Psychoactive Mechanisms”. Journal of Psychoactive Drugs 32: (3) 321-331
Ott, J (1999): “Pharmahuasca: Human Pharmacology of Oral DMT Plus
Harmine”. Journal of Psychoactive Drugs 31: (2) 171-177
Perrine, D (1996): “The Chemistry of Mind-Altering Drugs”.