Cementing

Primary Cementing
Overview
 Primary Cementing
The introduction of a cementacious material
into the annulus between casing and open
hole to :

• Provide zonal isolation

• Support axial load of casing strings and strings to be
run later
• Provide casing support and protection
• Support the borehole

2
 Types of Casings

• Conductor
• Surface
• Intermediate
• Production
• Liner

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 Conductor
• Purpose
– Prevents washing out under the rig
– Provides elevation for flow nipple

• Common sizes and depths:

– 30” - 20” Welded
– 20” - 16” Threaded
– 30’ - 200’ (< 100’ common)

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 Conductor
• Other Remarks:
• Plugs not used
• Careful pumping practices
• Large excess required
• Thru-drill pipe cementing common
• BOP’s not unusually connected
• Common Cements
– Accelerated Neat
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 Thru-Drill Pipe Cementing
• Key Points:
• Cement contamination
• Channelling
• Displacement
• Pump until cement to surface

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 Outside Cementing
• Purpose
– Bring cement to surface

• Macaroni tubing used

• Max. depth 250-300 ft Tubing moved
during job
• High friction pressures
• Non-standard connections

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 Surface
Purposes:

• Protects surface fresh water formations

• Cases off unconsolidated or lost circulation areas

• Supports subsequent casing strings

• Provides primary pressure control (BOP support)

• Common sizes and depths:

– 20” - 9 5/8” threaded

– 100’ - 3000’ (or more)

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 Surface Cementing
• Excess of 100% plus not uncommon

• Recommend thru-drill pipe method to save

– Cement

– Rig time

• Common cements:

– Lead light weight slurries with high yields

– Neat tail slurries with good compressive strength

– Reduce WOC to a minimum with accelerators

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 BOP
Rotary table
Rig Floor
Mud Outlet
Annular Preventor
Choke Line
BLIND RAMS

SHEAR RAMS

PIPE RAMS

Surface Casing Head

Conductor pipe Surface Casing
Cement

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 Intermediate (Also called Protection)
Purposes:

• Separates hole into workable sections

– Lost Circulation

– Salt Section

– Overpressured Zones

– Heaving Shales

• Common sizes and depths:

– 13 3/8”, 10 3/4”, 9 5/8”

– 3000’ to 10,000’

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 Intermediate Casings
• Cemented to surface or to previous casing shoe

• Two stage jobs common

• Plugs, casing equipment, casing accessories usual

• Good cementing practices are required

• Large cement volumes

• Common Cements:

– Typically filler slurries followed by high compressive tail

– Specialised (light, heavy, salt - saturated, etc)

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 Two Stage Cementing
Key Points: 2nd
Stage
• Separation and Stage
Collar
isolation of zones
• Reduces hydrostatic
• Can leave zone in
the annulus
uncemented
(cement at TD and
1st Stage
surface)

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 Production
Purposes:

• Isolates the pay zone from other formations and the fluids in them.

• Protective housing for production equipment.

– Subsurface artificial lift

– Multiple zone completion

• Screens for sand control

• Covers worn or damaged intermediate string.

• Common sizes:

– 4 1/2”, 5”, 7”, & 9 5/8”

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 Liners
Key Points:
• Requires less casing
Drill pipe
• Deeper wells Wiper Plug
• Small annular clearance
• Specialized equipment Liner
Running Hanger
Tool Liner Wiper
Plug
Shear
Pin

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 Casing
• API Casing Specs
– OD 9 5/8”
– Weight 53.5 lbs/ft (determines ID)
– Grade C75 (yield point allowable tension)
– Burst pressure 7430 PSI
– Collapse pressure 6380 PSI
– Thread Buttress
• Tapered string used to minimize well cost.
• Casing program for well based on :
– Burst Pressure
– Collapse Pressure
– Tensile Load

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 Thread Types
• 8 Round
– Seals on threads
– Use of couplings
• Buttress
– Seals on threads
– Use of couplings
• VAM
– Seals on threads &
shoulder
– Use of couplings
• Hydrill
– Seals on threads &
shoulder
– Integral
– 2 sets of threads

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 Running Casing
• Inspection of Casing
– Tuboscope
– Pipe tally

• Hole Preparation
– Mud condition
– Clearance

• Running
– Casing crews
– Too fast
– Landing Casing
– Nippling up

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 Job Procedures
• Pre Job:
– Check calculations with co-man
– Rig up
– Stem 1 on equipment
– Check materials
– Safety and organisation meeting
– Prepare mix fluids, spacers and washes

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 Job Procedures
The Job:
– Test lines
– Load plugs
– Pump Washes / Spacers
– Drop bottom plug
– Mix and pump cement
– Drop top plug
– Displace
– Bump plug and check returns
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 Job Procedures
Post Job:
– Wash up
– Rig down
– Stem equipment
– Paper work

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 Drilling Cementing Jobs:

• Casing Cementing
• Cementing as a Plug
 Cement Classifications:

1) Class A
2) Class B
3) Class C
4) Class D
5) Class E
6) Class F
7) Class G
8) Class H
9) Class J
 Cement Compositions:
• Tri Calcium Silicate (3CaO.SiO2……55-65%)
• Di Calcium Silicate (2CaO.SiO2……25-35%)
• Tri Calcium Aluminate(3CaO.Al2O3….<3%)
• Tetra .Cal. Alumina Ferrite
(4CaO.Al2O3.FeO3..10-15%)
 Cement aplication (Depth & temp.)

CMT Depth(ft) Temp.(oF) CW(PCF)

A 0-6000 <170 117.2
D 6000-10000 170-230 123.5
E 10000-14000 230-290 123.5
G 0-8000 <200 118.7
 Principles of Casing Cementings:

A) Primary Casing Cementing

B) Secondary Casing Cementing
1) Squeeze Cementing
-In Liner Lap
-In Punches of Casing/Liner
2)Top Job
-In Annuluses (Csg-Csg or Hole-Csg)
 Purpose of Cementing:
--------------------------
A) Protection B) Prevention
1) To provide support for the Casing Against
Drilling Vibrations
2) To Restrict Fluid movement from
Formations with different Pore pressure
3) To Bond Between Casing and Formation
4) To Protect the Casing from Corrosion
5) To Prevent Fluid Flow from high pressure zone
6) To plug the Loose zones of well
 Cement Additives:
----------------------
1) Increase/Decrease of Slurry Weight
2) Cement Strength Additives
3) Lost Circulating Control Additives
4) Fluid Loss Control Additives(CMC)
5) Increase Slurry Volume (Bentonite)
6) Increase/Decrease Thickening Time(CMC)
 Low Density Cement Slurries:
Low Density(90-123 PCF Wt)

Two Methods to Decrease CMT Slurry Weight:

1) Extenders: Which they have high water
requirement , so more water lower the
Cement Density:
Bentonite, Pozzolan, Perlite
2) Using of Low Density Materials:
Gilsonite (SG=1.07)
 Bentonite Using:
Advantages:
1) Lower The Water Loss of Slurry
2) Increase The volume of Slurry (Low Cost)
3) Lower the Slurry density & Suspend the
Cement Particles
Disadvantages:
1) Decreases the Cement Strength
2) Increases the Cement Permeability
(Water absorption)
 High Density Cement Slurries:
High Density(More than 123 PCF Wt)

Heavy Weight Additives for Cement

Have to:
1) Low Water Requirement
2) Chemically Inert
3) Keep the Cement Strength
4) Uniform Particles Size
5) No Affect On the Formation
 Casing & Cementing Equipment:
• Cement Head: Installed on the L.J ,has
Inlet for slurry and plug container
• Casing shoe : Used as a guide ,set under first joint of
Casing(Sometimes has Float valve)
• Cement Collar : Used to make A distance for Cement
above Shoe ,Installed Above
1 st /2 nd Jt on shoe(has F.valve)
• Bottom & Top Plug: Use As Spacer Between Cement &
Mud
• Centralizers/Scratches: Use to Center the Casing To
allow Cement Pass through the annulus /clean
Annulus
 Cement Accelerators:
• Accelerators Are Chemical Materials add to
the CMT to Decrease the Thickening Time and Setting Time
And Increase The Early Strength
(Generally Minerals)
1)CaCl2: It is a Hygroscopic Material Which
Absorb the humidity (Powder, Flake, Pellet)
Amount:
Up to 2%------T.T,C.S(Total Accelerator)
2%-10 %-------T.T (Partial Accelerator)
>10 % ------Hi T.T
2) CaCl2:
Amount:
Up to 10%----T.T,C.S(Total Accelerator)
> 10 % -----Retarder
 Cement Retarders:
• Retarder Are Chemical Materials Add to the CMT to
Increase The Thickening Time
1) Calcium Lignosulfonate: Soluble In Water
And Makes a film Around CMT Particles
Prevent The Hydration ,Decreases the
reaction(Increase Thickening Time)
Temperature: Up to 180(oF)
2) Carboxyl Methyl Cellulose(CMC):
Temperature: Up to 200(oF)
3) NaCl : More 10% Acts as Retarder
 Preflushing
Preflushing is used For Cleaning Hole From
Cake Before Cementing
• Preflushing Fluids:
1) Thinners (Salt Slon. Lime Slon.,…)
2) Scavenger (Fluids with Abrasive materials:
Low vis. CMT)
3) High Viscosity Solutions:(Viscosity
Sweep : Mud Sweep)
 Cementing Job:
1) One Stage(Conventional)
• Pumping The Cement Then Displacing
• Using :Shoe And Cement Collar
2) Multi Stage Cementing
-Deep Wells
-Loose Zones
• Pumping Cement In Ann. Under DV Collar(s) Then
Above it
• Using: Shoe, Cement Collar And DV Collar
 Casing Cementing Steps
•-Rig Up Cement Lines And Test
•-Set Cement Head
•-Install Cement Head
•-Pump Spacer
•-Drop Bottom Plug
•-Pump Lead (Mixed) Cement
•-Pump Tail(Neat) Cement
•-Drop Top Plug
•-Displace Cement
•-Bleed Off Pressure
 Casing Cementing

Pumping Cement Displacing Cement

Bottom Plug

Spacer

Bumping

Cement Collar
 Casing Cementing Calculations
Required Cement Volume(Vc)
Vc=V1(Vol. of CSG-CSG)+V2(Vol. of Hole-CSG …
shoe-shoe)+V3(Vol. of Shoe Track..Shoe-Collar)
V1= CSG-CSG Ann.Cap.(Bbl/m)*Length(m)
V2=CSg-Hole Ann. Cap(Bbl/m)*Length(shoe-
shoe-m)
V3=CSG Cap(Bbbl/m)*Length(Shoe-Collar-m)
Rquired Mud Vol. For Disp. Cement(Vd)
Vd=CSG’s Cap(Bbl/m)*L(Surf.-Collar-m)
 Liner Cementing Calculations

Required Cement Volume(VLNR)

VLNR=V1(Vol. LNR-CSG)+V2(Vol. LNR-Hol-
shoe-shoe)+V3(Vol. Shoe Trk-LDC-Shoe)
Required Mud For Shearing/Disp.(Vsh/VB)
VB(d)=Vsh(Drill Pipe Vol.)+VL(Vol Of Liner To LDC)
 Liner Cementing (Drop Bump Down Plug)
Drop Pump Down Plug

Mud

LDC
Liner Cementing (Shearing Step)

Shearing
End Of Displacing Cement (Bumping)

Swab Cups

Mud

Bumping
 End Of Cement/Displacing
[U-Tube]

U-Tube Due to
Having Cement
On Liner Lap
With Wet Jts On
Surface Indication
U-Tube
DWhile Starting
POOH

Bumping
 Displacing Pressure (Liner)

Bumping
V Shearing LLap
Cementing Through Drill Pipes
Cementing End Of Displacing

Stinger-Sting In Stinger-Sting In

Douplex Shoe Douplex Shoe

Thank You