Electrical Measurements

Prepared By
Mr. M.MALLESHAM
Assistant professor
EXTENSION OF RANGE OF MI
INSTRUMENT
 ERRORS IN MI INSTRUMENT
• Frictional Error(Torque/Weight Ratio)
• Temperature Error
• Frequency error
• Stray Magnetic field error
• Hysteresis error
• Eddy current error
 Frictional Error(Torque/Weight Ratio)

• Due to Friction between bearing and spindle some energy is

loss then meter indicates less than the actual value it is
frictional error
• To reduce the frictional error, spindle edges are made of Cone
Shape and Highly polished jewelled bearings are used.
• Friction also depends on weight of the moving system, so
pointer is made up of Aluminium
• If the weight of the moving system is reduced for the same
torque, then (Torque/Weight) ratio increases
• MI has Less (Torque/Weight) ratio compared to PMMC
instrument
 Temperature Error

• Because of temperature, coil resistance will

change. Due to this, current through meter is
Less. then meter gives error it is temperature
error.
• To reduce temperature error(temperature
compensation) swamping resistor is used.
• To compensate temperature effect of spring,
both top and bottom springs are connected in
opposite direction.
 Stray Magnetic field error

• Because of external magnetic field, the meter

operating field is distorted, then the net flux
will change and meter gives error it is stray
magnetic field error.
• The stray magnetic magnetic field error is
maximum when both external magnetic field
and meter magnetic field is parallel.
• To reduce stray magnetic field error iron
shielding is done for the meters.
Frequency Error
Hysteresis error and Eddy current error

• To reduce both Hysteresis error and Eddy

current errors, the meters are designed for
low flux densities and reduce the size of
metals used in the meters.