Statistics…

Parth gupta
Class: XC
Roll no. 19
Content:-
› Introduction.
› Mean.
› Limitations and uses of Mean.
› Mode.
› Limitations and uses of Mode.
› Median.
› Limitations of Median.
› Cumulative frequency..............
Introduction..
› Statistics is the discipline that concerns the collection, organization, analysis and
interpretations and presentation of the data.
› Mathematical statistics is the application of mathematics to statistics. Mathematical
techniques used for this include mathematical analysis, linear algebra, stochastic
analysis, differential equations, and measure-theoretic probability theory.
› In applying statistics to a problem, it is common practice to start with a population or
process to be studied. Populations can be diverse topics such as "all people living in a
country.”
› A statistician is someone who is particularly well versed in the ways of thinking
necessary for the successful statistical analysis.
 Mean..
› There are several kinds of mean in mathematics,
especially in statistics.
› For a data set, the arithmetic mean, also called
the expected value or average, is the central value of
a discrete set of numbers: specifically, the sum of the
values divided by the number of values.
› The arithmetic mean of a set of numbers x1, x2, ...,
xn. If the data set were based on a series of
observations obtained by sampling from a statistical
population, the arithmetic mean is the sample mean
to distinguish it from the mean of the underlying
distribution, the population mean.
› In probability and statistics, the population mean,
or expected value, is a measure of the central
tendency either of a probability distribution or of
the random variable characterized by that
distribution.
 Limitations and Uses of Mean..

› Limitations: The major disadvantage which does not occur always, is the
fact that a mean can be dramatically affected by outliers in the set. For
example, if we find the mean of the set 1,2,3,4,5 we get 3. However, when we
dramatically alter one no. in the set and then find the average, the mean is
quiet different. For example, 1,2,3,4,20 the mean is 6.

› Uses: the mean to describe the middle of the set which do not have an
outliers.
 Mode….
› The mode is the value that occurs most often. If the no. is not repeated there is
no mode of the set.
› Like the statistical mean and median, the mode is a way of expressing, in a
(usually) single number, important information about a random variable or
a population. The numerical value of the mode is the same as that of the mean
and median in a normal distribution, and it may be very different in
highly skewed distributions.
 Limitations and Uses of Mode……

› Limitations: Could be very far from the actual middle of the data. The least
reliable way to find the actual middle of the data.

› Uses: The mode when the data is non-numeric or when asked to choose the
most popular item.
 Median…..
› The median is the middle number in a sorted,
ascending or descending, list of numbers and can
be more descriptive of that data set than the
average.
› The median is sometimes used as opposed to the
mean when there are outliers in the sequence that
might skew the average of the values.
› If there is an odd amount of numbers, the median
value is the number that is in the middle, with the
same amount of numbers below and above.
› If there is an even amount of numbers in the list,
the middle pair must be determined, added
together, and divided by two to find the median
value.
 Limitations and Uses of Median….

› Limitations: It does not take into account the precise value of each
observation and hence does not use all information available in the data.
Unlike mean, median is not amenable to further mathematical calculation and
hence is not used in many statistical tests.

› Uses: The median can be used to determine an approximate average, or

mean, but is not to be confused with the actual mean.
Example of Mean, Mode and Median….
 Cumulative frequency….
› Cumulative frequency analysis is the analysis of the frequency of occurrence
of values of a phenomenon less than a reference value. The phenomenon may
be time- or space-dependent. Cumulative frequency is also called frequency of
non-exceedance.
› Cumulative frequency analysis is performed to obtain insight into how often a
certain phenomenon (feature) is below a certain value. This may help in
describing or explaining a situation in which the phenomenon is involved, or
in planning interventions, for example in flood protection.
› Frequency analysis applies to a record of length N of observed data X1, X2, X3 .
. . XN on a variable phenomenon X. The record may be time-dependent (e.g.
rainfall measured in one spot) or space-dependent (e.g. crop yields in an area)
or otherwise.
Thanks For Watching..
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