DIAGNOSIS OF BACTERIAL DISEASE

 Is the study of specimen taken from patient

suspected of having an infection .

 Begins with specimen collection and ends with

report which help in diagnosis and treatment of
the patient .
 Steps of the Diagnostic Cycle
 Clinical request

 specimen collection

 Examination of the of specimen

 Reporting the result

 Clinical request
 Contains all clinical information about the
patient e.g. name ,age ,antibiotic taken
……..
 Specimen Collection
 Depend on the disease type and site of
infection .
 .
 Specimen Collection
 Should be collected in Clean ,sterile ,leak
proof containers.

 Must be sent to immediately to the lab if

any delay the specimen should be put in
transport media (make the organism viable
for long period of time) .
 Site of sampling
 Sterile sites
 Blood
 Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF)
 Body fluids (Peritoneal and pleural)
 Non-sterile (normal flora)
 Respiratory tract
 Ear, eye and mouth
 Skin (wound and abscess)
 Urine
 Feces
High risk specimen:
 Sputum from patient with pulmonary

tuberculosis .
 Stool from patient with cholera

 Blood from patient with hepatitis ,HIV ..

 Examination
 Can be done
I. Macroscopic examination .

II. Microscopic examination .

III. Culture techniques

IV.Biochemical reaction

V. Serological identification.

VI. Molecular biology techniques

VII.Bacteriophage typing

VIII.Animal pathogenicity
 Macroscopic examination

 Looking at the specimen with the naked eye

E.g. CSF is turbid =bacterial mengitis

 Microscopic examination
 Direct microscopy
 Dark field microscopy
 Immobilization test
 Direct Immunoflorecent
 stain
 Gram staining
 The most important stain is Gram stain
 Uses

1. To observe the morphology, size, and

arrangement of bacteria.
2. To differentiate one group of bacteria from
the other group. Gram +ve or Gram –ve
Is this gram stain positive or negative?
Identify the bacteria.
Is this gram stain positive or negative?
Identify the bacteria.