INTRODUCTION TO

STATISTICS
AND
LEVEL OF
MEASUREMENTS

02/23/2021 INTRODUCTION TO STATISTICS AND LEVEL OF MEASUREMENT HUBERT G. GELILIO

OBJECTIVES:

• Understand the key concept of statistics and the two fields of

statistics
• Define universe and differentiate it with population;
• Define and differentiate between qualitative and quantitative
variables, and between discrete and continuous variables (that are
quantitative); and
• Define the Levels of Measurement of Numerical Data.

02/23/2021 INTRODUCTION TO STATISTICS AND LEVEL OF MEASUREMENT HUBERT G. GELILIO

 Tell me if it is yes or no.

________1. What is a typical size of a Filipino family?

________2. How many hours in a day?
________3. How old is the oldest man residing in the Philippines?
________4. Is planet Mars bigger than planet Earth?
________5. What is the average wage rate in the country

02/23/2021 INTRODUCTION TO STATISTICS AND LEVEL OF MEASUREMENT HUBERT G. GELILIO

 Probability
• It is a mathematical concept used to measure the occurrence of statistical
events.
• It is the chance of a certain event will occur or happen.

Statistics
• A science that studies data to be able to make a decision.
• A science involves the methods of collecting, processing, summarizing and
analyzing data in order to provide answers or solutions to an inquiry.
• It is a branch of mathematics that deals with the processes of gathering,
describing, organizing, analyzing and interpreting numerical or statistical
data as well as with drawing valid conclusions and making reasonable
decisions on the basis of such analysis
02/23/2021 INTRODUCTION TO STATISTICS AND LEVEL OF MEASUREMENT HUBERT G. GELILIO
 Statistics as a Tool in Decision-Making it enable us to:
 Characterize persons, objects, situations, and phenomena;
 Explain relationships among variables;
 Formulate objective assessments and comparisons; and, more
importantly
 Make evidence-based decisions and predictions.

02/23/2021 INTRODUCTION TO STATISTICS AND LEVEL OF MEASUREMENT HUBERT G. GELILIO

 Fields of Statistics
Descriptive statistics Inferential Statistics
Which is concerned to the Which is composed of those methods
collection and description of a set of concerned with the analysis of a smaller group
data to yield meaningful information. of data, which is known as the sample leading
Descriptive statistics provides to predictions or inferences about the larger
information only about collected data
set of data, or the population from which the
and does not draw inferences or
sample is drawn.
conclusions about a larger set of
This type of statistics will be used when
data.
one makes a decision, estimates prediction or
In general, this type of statistics
generalization about a population based on a
is devoted to summarization and
sample.
description of data set.

02/23/2021 INTRODUCTION TO STATISTICS AND LEVEL OF MEASUREMENT HUBERT G. GELILIO

 Important terms!
 Universe
The collection or set of units or entities from whom we got the data.
 Variable
It is a characteristic that is observable or measurable in every unit of the
universe.
 Population
The set of all possible values of a variable.
 Sample
a subgroup of a universe or of a population.

The Implication of New Normal Mode of Teaching to the Academic

Performance of the Elementary Students in Mamatid Elementary School .

02/23/2021 INTRODUCTION TO STATISTICS AND LEVEL OF MEASUREMENT HUBERT G. GELILIO

 Broad Classifications of Variables
Qualitative variables Quantitative variable

E xp r e s s a c at e g o r ic a l at tr ib u te , s u c h a s Whose sizes are meaningful,

s e x ( m a le o r f e m a le ) , r e li g io n , m a r i ta l answer questions such as “how much”
s t at u s , r e g io n of r e s id e n c e , h i g h es t
e d u c a tio n a l a tt ai n m e n t. Q ua l ita t iv e v a r i a b le s or “how many”. Quantitative variables
d o n o t s tr ic tly ta k e o n n um er ic v a lu e s have actual units of measure.
( a l th o u g h w e c a n h a v e n u m e r ic c o d e s f o r Examples of quantitative variables
th e m , e. G . , F o r s ex v a r ia b l e , 1 an d 2 m a y
r e f e r t o m a le , a n d f e m a l e, r e s p e c t iv e ly ) . include the height, weight, number of
Q u a l ita ti v e da ta a nsw e r q u e s ti on s “w h a t registered cars, household size, and
k in d . ” S o m e ti m es , t h e r e i s a s e n s e o f total household expenditures/income
o r d e r in g i n q u a lit a ti ve d a ta , e . G . , I n c o m e
d a ta gr o u pe d in to h i gh , m i d d le a n d lo w - of survey respondents.
in c o m e s ta t us.

02/23/2021 INTRODUCTION TO STATISTICS AND LEVEL OF MEASUREMENT HUBERT G. GELILIO

02/23/2021 INTRODUCTION TO STATISTICS AND LEVEL OF MEASUREMENT HUBERT G. GELILIO
 Broad Classifications of Variables
Qualitative variables Quantitative variable

Discrete variable Continuous variable

Those data that can be counted, e.g., The T h o se t h a t c a n b e m e a s u r e d , e . g . T h e

number of days for cellphones to fail, the ages of
e x a c t h e i g h t o f a s ur v e y r e s po nd e n t a n d
s u r v e y r e s p o n d e n t s m e a s u r e d t o t h e n e a r e s t y e a r,
the e xa c t volume of some liquid
and the number of patients in a hospital. These data
assume only (a finite or infinitely) countable su b s t a nc e .
number of values. T h e se a r e t h e v a r i a b l e s w ho s e l e v e l s
These are the variables whose values or levels c a n t a k e c o n t i n u o u s v a l u e s o r a s su m e a
cannot take the form of decimals. These are the
c o n t i n u o u s se t o f n u m e r i c a l v a l u e s.
variables that data can be taken through the process
of enumeration or counting.

02/23/2021 INTRODUCTION TO STATISTICS AND LEVEL OF MEASUREMENT HUBERT G. GELILIO

 Level of Measurement
 Nominal data – are commonly categorical data assigned to
numbers. (Course, civil status, color, preference)
 Ordinal data – are quantities where the numbers are used to
designate the rank order of the data. (Race, ranking of beauty
pageant, educational attainment)
 Interval data – is a data type where the range between the
numeric values is constant. (scale)
 Ratio data – are the widely used data in science and
engineering. Like the interval measurements are also expressed
in numbers, and the difference between the two any successive
numbers are consistent . (Length, mass, angles, charge, energy,
relative frequency, velocity)
02/23/2021 INTRODUCTION TO STATISTICS AND LEVEL OF MEASUREMENT HUBERT G. GELILIO