Tissues and tissue types

 Tissues are:
 Collections of specialized cells and cell products
organized to perform a limited number of functions
 Histology = study of tissues
 The four tissue types are:
 Epithelial
 Connective

 Muscular

 Nervous
 Epithelial tissue
 Includes glands and epithelium
 Glands are secretory
 Is avascular
 Forms a protective barrier that regulates
permeability
 Cells may show polarity
 Functions of epithelium
 Physical protection
 Control permeability
 Provide sensation
 Produce specialized secretions
 Specializations of epithelium
 Perform secretory functions
 Perform transport functions
 Maintain physical integrity
 Ciliated epithelia move materials across their
surface
The Polarity of Epithelial Cells
 Maintaining the integrity of
epithelium
 Cells attach via cell adhesion molecules
(CAM)
 Cells attach at specialized cell junctions
 Tight junctions
 Desmosomes

 Gap junctions
Intercellular connections
 Structure of typical epithelium
 Basal lamina attaches to underlying surface
 Lamina lucida
 Lamina densa

 Germinative cells replace short-lived epithelial

cells
 Classification of epithelia
 Number of cell layers
 Simple
 Stratified

 Shape of apical surface cells

 Squamous
 Cuboidal

 Columnar
Squamous Epithelia
Cuboidal Epithelia
Cuboidal Epithelia
Transitional Epithelium
Columnar Epithelia
Columnar Epithelia
Columnar Epithelia
 Glandular epithelia
 Exocrine glands
 Secrete through ducts onto the surface of the gland
 Endocrine glands
 Release hormones into surrounding fluid
 Glandular secretions can be:
 Merocrine (product released through exocytosis)
 Apocrine (involves the loss of both product and
cytoplasm)
 Holocrine (destroys the cell)
Mechanisms of Glandular
Secretion
 Glands
 Unicellular
 Individual secretory cells
 Multicellular
 Organs containing glandular epithelium
 Classified according to structure
A Structural Classification of
Exocrine Glands
 Connective tissue functions:

 Establishing a structural framework

 Transporting fluids and dissolved materials
 Protecting delicate organs
 Supporting, surrounding and interconnecting tissues
 Storing energy reserves
 Defending the body from microorganisms
A Classification of Connective
Tissues
 Connective tissues contain

 Specialized cells
 Matrix
 Composed of extracellular protein fibers and a ground
substance
 Connective tissue proper

 Contains varied cell populations

 Contains various fiber types
 A syrupy ground substance
 Fluid connective tissue
 Contains a distinctive cell population
 Watery ground substance with dissolved
proteins
 Two types
 Blood
 Lymph
 Supporting connective tissues

 Less diverse cell population

 Dense ground substance
 Closely packed fibers
 Two types
 Cartilage
 Bone
 Connective tissue proper
 Contains fibers, a viscous ground substance, and
a varied cell population
 Fibroblasts
 Macrophage

 Adipocytes

 Mesenchymal cells

 Melanocytes

 Mast cells

 Lymphocytes

 Microphages
 Connective tissue proper

 Three types of fiber

 Collagen fibers
 Reticular fibers
 Elastic fibers
 Connective tissue
 Classified as loose or dense
proper
 Loose
 Embryonic mesenchyme, mucous connective tissues
 Areolar tissue

 Adipose tissue

 Reticular tissue

 Dense
 Dense regular CT
 Dense irregular CT
The Cells and Fibers of Connective
Tissue Proper
Connective Tissue in Embryos
Adipose and Reticular Tissues
Dense Connective Tissues
Dense Connective Tissues
Dense Connective Tissues
 Fluid connective tissues
 Distinctive collections of cells in a fluid matrix
 Blood
 Formed elements and plasma
 Red blood cells, white blood cells and platelets
 Arteries carry blood away, veins carry to the heart
 Capillaries allow diffusion into the interstitial fluid
 Lymph
 Interstitial fluid entering the lymphatic vessels
Formed Elements of the Blood
 Supporting connective tissues
 Cartilage and bone support the rest of the body
 Cartilage
 Grows via interstitial and appositional growth
 Matrix is a firm gel containing chondroitin sulfate

 Cells called chondrocytes

 Cells found in lacunae

 Perichondrium separates cartilage from surrounding

tissues
 Three types: hyaline, elastic and fibrocartilage
The Perichondrium and Types of
Cartilage
The Perichondrium and Types of
Cartilage
The Perichondrium and Types of
Cartilage
 Bone, or osseus tissue

 Has osteocytes
 Depend on diffusion through canaliculi for nutrients
 Little ground substance
 Dense mineralized matrix
 Surrounded by periosteum
Bone
 Membranes are simple organs
 Form a barrier
 Composed of epithelium and connective tissue
 Four types
 Cutaneous
 Synovial

 Serous

 Mucous
Membranes
 Mucous membranes

 Line cavities that communicate with the

exterior
 Contain lamina propria
 Serous membranes

 Line sealed internal cavities

 Form transudate
 Cutaneous membrane
 Covers the body surface

 Synovial membrane
 Incomplete lining within joint cavities
 Organs and systems are
interconnected
 Network of connective tissue proper consisting
of
 Superficial fascia
 Deep fascia

 Subserous fascia
The Fasciae
 Muscle tissue
 Specialized for contraction
 Three types
 Skeletal
 Cardiac

 Smooth
Muscle Tissue
Muscle Tissue
Muscle Tissue
 Skeletal muscle
 Cells are multinucleate
 Striated voluntary muscle
 Divides via satellite cells
 Cardiac muscle
 Cardiocytes occur only in the heart
 Striated involuntary muscle
 Relies on pacemaker cells for regular contraction
 Smooth muscle tissue
 Non-striated involuntary muscle
 Can divide and regenerate
 Neural tissue
 Conducts electrical impulses
 Conveys information from one area to another
 Neural tissue cells
 Neurons
 Transmit information
 Neuroglia
 Support neural tissue
 Help supply nutrients to neurons
Neural Tissue
 Neural anatomy
 Cell body
 Dendrites
 Axon (nerve fiber)
 Carries information to other neurons
 Inflammation and regeneration
 Injured tissues respond in coordinated
fashion
 Homeostasis restored by inflammation
and regeneration
 Inflammatory response
 Isolates injured area
 Damaged cells, tissue components and
dangerous microorganisms removed
 Infection avoided
 Regeneration restores normal function
An Introduction to Inflammation
 Aging and tissue repair
 Change with age
 Repair and maintenance less efficient
 Structure altered
 Chemical composition altered
 Aging and cancer incidence
 Incidence of cancer increases with age
 70-80% of all cases due to exposure to
chemicals or environmental factors
Changes in a Tissue under Stress