Evaporation

Definition
• It’s a process of removal of solvent from solution by
boiling the liquid in a suitable vessel to leave a
concentrated product
 Drying Vs Evaporation
• In drying the process involves
handling of solid materials or
powders etc
• Drying involves removing
small amounts of moisture
• Drying involves removing
water at temperatures below
the boiling
• In drying water is usually
removed by circulating air
over the material so that, it
carries away the water vapor
present in material
• In evaporation, the process
involves handling of liquid
materials or solutions, syrups,
suspensions etc
• Drying involves removing large
amounts of water
• Drying involves removing water
by boiling
• In drying water is usually removed
by converting water into its vapor
form along with other gases
 Applications of Evaporation
• Manufacturing of bulk drugs
• Biological products
• Demineralization of water
• Liquid extracts are evaporated to concentrated form
• Concentration of blood plasms and serum
• Purification of vitamins
• Concentration of proteins
• Removal of water or solvents from fermentation broths
• Concentration of antibiotics like pencillins etc
 Factors affecting
Evaporation
• This can be expressed in the form of an equation

M= KS (b-b1)/P
• M mass of vapor formed per unit time
• K constant
• S Surface area of liquid exposed for evaporation
• P- atmospheric pressure
• b-b1 pressure difference at the surface of the liquid
and air at a given temperature
 Factors affecting
Evaporation
• Temperature
o Directly proportional

• Vapor pressure
o Less atmospheric pressure
o More vapor pressure

• Surface area
o Directly proportional

• Moisture in feed
o Inversely proportional
o Certain times more moisture causes the degradation also (Belladona extract)

• Time of exposure
o Time of exposure is direct in proportion
o Care must be taken for the thermal ability of the material
 Equipment for evaporation
• Evaporating Pan
• Tube evaporator
• Film evaporator
 Evaporating Pan
• This is a simple steam jacketed
evaporator
• Its capacity will be 90L
• Steam inlet and outlet for condensate
are provided for the steam jacket
• The steam provides necessary heat
required for evaporation
• Liquid to be evaporated is placed in
the pan
• Liquids are stirred to provide • Simple in operation
increased rate of evaporation • Cost is less
• Evaporation happens in an open • Not suitable for thermo-labile
condition materials
• This must be always placed in • Surface area available is less
properly ventilated area to avoid • More chances of saturation
saturation which may decrease the rate of
evaporation
Evaporating Pan
 Evaporation Still
• It consists of a jacketed evaporating pan with a cylindrical cover that
connected to a condenser
• Overall assembly is called still
• Diluted liquid is filled, the cover is clamped. Steam is introduced into the
jacket. Liquid is evaporated and the vapor is condensed and collected
• Product concentrate is collected through the outlet at the bottom
 Tube evaporator
• This consists of a large cylinder with
conical top and bottom
• It is prepared by cast iron or stainless
steel
• Lower part of the cylinder is fitted with
horizontal tubes to inlet the steam
• The feed is placed in the cylinder and
steam is passed through the horizontal
tubes
• The contact of the feed with steam in
horizontal tubes transfer the heat
energy and the liquid starts evaporating
• Vapor escapes fro the top and the
concentrated product is collected at the
bottom
 Tube evaporator
• Solvent after evaporation
enters into atmosphere causing
no saturation
• Surface of contact is more
• Cost of installation is more
• Process cost is less
• Formation of scales reduces
the heat transfer efficiency
 Film evaporator
• Steam jacketed tubes are
present
• Liquid is fed from the top. It
flows down the walls of the
vertical tubes
• It comes in contact with the
steam circulating outside the
tubes
• The liquid gets heated up
rapidly due to more surface
area and the solvent evaporates
• The liquid along with vapor
enters the cyclone separator and
gets separated there
 Film evaporator
• Suitable for highly viscous liquids
• Force of gravity acts and helps the
liquid to move down easily
• Liquid contact with steam is short
and the chance of overheating is
avoided
• Heat transfer is more efficient
• Recycling of feed is possible
• Not suitable for scale forming
liquids
• Scale reduces the heat transfer
• Liquids are generally introduced by
spraying
• Sometimes liquid distribution
inside the tubes may be poor
 Distillation
• Distillation is process of separation of components of liquid by
vaporization and subsequent condensation
• Applications
• Separation of volatile oils
• Purification of organic solvents
• Manufacturing of official preparation: Spirit of ammonia
• Refining petroleum products
• Recovery of solvents
 General equipment
• Still
• Condenser
• Reciever
General distillation unit
 Simple distillation
• Liquid is filled into tank
• Directly heated
• Liquid forms vapor
• Thermometer is used to check
the temperature
• This enables the separation of
selected components
• Formed vapors are condensed
• Increased surface area of
condensing tubes speeds up the
process
 Flash Distillation
• Feed reservoir is present to facilitate
the continuous process
• Liquid is fed from a pump
connected to reservoir
• It enters the chamber through
pressure reducing valve
• A sudden drop in pressure causes the
quick/ flash evaporation of the liquid
• A portion of liquid with high boiling
forms vapor and other portion with
low boiling forms liquid
• Separate outlets are present for
vapor and liquid
Distillation under reduced pressure
• Water boils at 100C at atmospheric pressure 760mmhg
• Water boils at 40C at 70mmhg