LIVESTOCK TRAINING INSTITUTE- WAJIR

YEAR II SEMESTER II
CAH 040 ZOONOSIS AND ONE HEALTH CONCEPT

DR MIGWI
INTRODUCTION
• Zoonosis
• Diseases that is naturally transmissible from veterbrate animals to
humans and vice versa.
• Reverse zoonosis
• Diseases that are naturally transmitted from humans to vertebrate
animals
• Carrier
• An individual that is infected by a disease agent and is capable of
disseminating that disease agent but shows no sign of clinical disease.
• Vector
• Is an invertebrate animal that actively transmits an infectious agent between infected
and susceptible vertebrates .
• Reservoir
• Any person, animal, plant, soil or substance in which an infectious agent normally lives
and multiplies. The reservoir typically harbors the infectious agent without injury to
itself and serves as a source from which other individuals can be infected
• Vehicle
• An inanimate object or material called in scientific terms a "fomite", that becomes
contaminated with the infectious agent and transmits the infection to a susceptible
host . The agent, such as a virus, may or may not have multiplied or developed in or on
the vehicle. The vehicle contacts the body of a susceptible host
Importance of studying zoonoses
The knowledge will enable one to guard human health through
control of pandemics
Zoonosis have a negative impact on food production
Zoonosis affect international trade negatively especially on foods of
animal origin
Zoonosis form an occupational hazard hence need to know how to
protect yourself
Need for joint cooperation between vets and medics
To protect animal health through the knowledge acquired
• Causative agents for zoonotic diseases
• Bacteria
• Viruses
• Fungi
• Protozoa
• Parasites/ worms/Helminths
ROUTES OF ZOONOTIC DISEASES TRANSMISSION

Aerosol
Occurs when droplets are passed through the air from an infected animal and are
inhaled by a person.

Oral
Ingesting of food or water contaminated with a pathogen. Occurs if animals products
such as milk and meat are not cooked properly

Direct contact
Requires the presence of the pathogen in the environment or within an infected animal.
A person becomes exposed when the pathogen directly touches the open wounds or
mucous membranes or skin
Through Fomites
A fomite is an inanimate (non-living) object that can carry the pathogen
from animal to a person. Examples include contaminated obstetrical
chains, brushes needles
Through Vectors
Occurs when an insect acquires a pathogen from one animal and
transmit it to a person
 
Classification of zoonoses
A) According to the aetiological agent
Bacterial zoonosis
Viral zoonosis
Fungal zoonosis
Protozoal zoonosis
Rickettsial zoonosis
Parasitic/helminthic/worms zoonosis
B) According to mode of transmission/Life
cycle of causative organism
• Direct zoonoses –the disease is directly transmitted from animals to humans through media
such as air (influenza) or through bites and saliva (rabies). It can also occur through a vector
• Cyclo-zoonoses – These are zoonotic diseases requiring more than one vertebrate species
for maintainance of life cycle of aetiological agent. It involves more than one vertebrate
host and where man is one the vertebrate
• its referred to as obligatory zoonosis. Examples are Taeniasis, Hydatidosis and Cysticercosis
• Meta-zoonoses – these are zoonotic diseases whose causative agents require both a
vertebrate and an invertebrate host. Examples are Trypanosomosis and Rift valley fever
• Sapro-zoonoses – the causative agent requires both a vertebrate host and a non-animal
(food, soil, plant) reservoir or developmental site for completion of its life cycle. Examples
are coccidiomycosis and tetanus.
C) According to reservoir host
• Anthroponoses – zoonotic disease whose causative agent is
maintained in nature by animals and transmittted to humans
examples are rabies, brucellosis
• Zooanthroponoses – zoonotic diseases whose causative agents is
normally maintained by humans and is transmitted to other
vertebrates. Examples are amoebiasis to dogs and tuberculosis.
• Amphixenoses – Zoonotic diseases whose causative agents are
transmitted in either direction naturally eg man to animals or animals
to man eg Salmonellosis
D) Based on emerging and Re-emerging
diseases
• Emerging diseases- These are infections that have recently appeared
within a population. Examples Covid-19,Zika,Severe Acute Respiratory
Syndrome (SARS), Dengue fever.
• Re emerging diseases- These are infections that re-appear in the
population after they decline.Examples Tuberculosis, Rabies,
Brucellosis, Ebola
Factors influencing prevalence of
zoonosis/Reasons for increased zoonotic diseases
Ecological changes in man’s environment.
Handling animal by product and wastes (occupational hazards)
Increased movements of man.
Increased trade in animals product.
Increased density in animal population.
Transportation of virus infected mosquitoes.
Cultural anthropological norms.
People at risk contracting zoonoses.

Higher risk groups include

• People on immuno-suppressive treatments, diabetics, alcoholics, HIV-infected people
and pregnant women.
• Specific occupational groups may also be at higher risk of zoonotic infections.
Meat workers,
Farmers,
wildlife workers and
veterinarians, who have close contact with animals, may have increased exposure to
diseases like leptospirosis.
Hunters/wild pig shooters may come into contact with pigs infected with brucellosis.
 Pet owner
PREVENTION OF ZOONOSES
General measures to prevent zoonoses include:
Good personal hygiene: 
Hygienic food preparation: .
Vaccination for people: .
Personal protection: 
Maintain animal health: 
Care when pregnant: .
Care when immuno-suppressed
Suspect and stray animals: .
Control of pest animals: