The goals of fluid therapy for

major surgery are as follows:

□ To ensure adequate circulating volume to support
cellular O2 delivery and avoid the deleterious effects
of
Quantity of Fluid

IV fluid quantities may be given in two main ways:

(1) by estimating the requirements based on patient
weight, the phase of surgery, and nature of losses to
estimate thre equired dose, or
(2) by direct measurement of an individual’s physiolo
gic variables and administering fluid in sufficient qua
ntities to achieve an improvement in these physiologi
c variables, so-called goal-directed therapy.