Plate & Frame Filter , Filter leaf

,Rotatory Drum Filter

PHARMACEUTICAL ENGINEERINGING { PHS-CC- 3104 }

DEPT. OF PHARMACEUTICAL SCIENCES , DHSGSU : SAUGOR

SUBMITTED BY: SUBMITTED TO:

SUMIT SHARMA
PROF. S.K. JAIN SIR
Y19150060 DR. ASHISH JAIN SIR
B.PHARMA III SEM
 INDEX
PLATE & FRAME FILTER- FILTER LEAF -ROTATORY
DRUM FILTER
 Principle
 Construction
 Working
 Advantages and Disadvantages
 Uses
 WHAT ARE
THESE??
!!!!

THESE ARE FILTRATION EQUIPMENTS

 What is
filteration?

Filtration is a technique to separate the solids present in the

liquid(basic definition).

" Filtration is physical operation which is intended to separate

the solid content from either gases form of matter or liquid
matter by arranging a filter medium through which the fluid can
permeate leaving the solid content as retentate "
CLASSIFICATION OF FILTERATION EQUIPMENTS
 Suspension to be filtered

SLURRY

FILTER MEDIUM TERMINOLOGY FILTER CAKE

Porous medium used to retain solid.

USED Accumulated solid on the filter

FILTERATE

Clear liquid passing through

the filter.
 PLATE AND FRAME FILTER
PRINCIPLE:
 This is the simplest type of pressure filter.
 The slurry enters the frame by pressure and flows
through the filter medium.
 The filtrate is collected on the plates and sent to the
outlet.
 A number of frames and plates are used so that the
surface area increases and,
therefore, large volumes of slurry can be treated
simultaneously with or without washing
PRINCIPLE
 Construction

• Consists of plates and frames arranged alternatively and supported on a pair of

rails.

• The plate is a solid piece having a ribbed surface plate consist of an outlet.

• The frame is hollow and provides space for the filter cake. Thickness of frame
varry.

• The frame consists of an open space inside , where the slurry reservoir is held for
filtration and an inlet for receiving the slurry.

• The cloth as filter medium placed between plate and frame.

• conti.....

• The filter cloth have holes and act as gasket.

• Plate, filter medium, frame, filter medium and plate are

arranged in the sequence and clamped to a supporting structure.

• By this alternate arrangement of frame and filter, the chamber

form in which the cake will be deposited

• .The plate and frame are square or rectangular , made of cast

iron, stainless steel, nickel, aluminum, monel, wood, hard rubber
or plastic.
 Type & Working
The plate and frame assemblies are designed in two types, namely,
(i) non - washing type
(ii) washing type:

1) Non-washing type: (2) Washing type:

• In this type, the plates and frames have
one hole at the upper corners.
• The holes in the plate are not connected
to inside. But the holes on the frame open
inside the frame.
• When the cake is washed thoroughly with washing
liquid or when there is contamination, then washing
type plate frame filter press used.
• Two different types of plates are used.
• For the identification of the plates and frames,
outside button systems are there.

• The holes in the plates and frames align • For example: There are one button on Plate. While
to form a continuous channel through Frame have two buttons and Wash plate have three
which the slurry is fed. buttons. The arrangement of the Plate frame and
wash-plate is always in the order of 1-2-3-2-1 button
The
 working of plate and frame filter press : in two steps :

 1. Filtration process:

The slurry to be filtered is pumped through the channel or feed inlet.

It
runs on the formed chamber and fills the chamber completely, The filtrate passes through the cloth, runs through
the faces of the plates and finally leaves the filter through discharged cocks.

The solids deposited on the filter cloth. After some time chamber is fully charged, then the press is said to be jammed.

Toremove the soluble impurities from the cake wash, liquid is introduced into the press,then air is blown to remove
the residual liquid from it.

The press is then dismantled and the solids cake is removed or scrapped from each plate and dropped to a conveyor
or storage bin.
  2. Washing process :
Washing process in the simple washing, the outlet of the washing plates is closed. The wash liquor is introduced through the feed
channel.

The water passes through the filter cloth and then enters the frame that has the deposited cake.

After washing the cake, the water comes out through the outlet taps. It is suitable when the cake is uniform and permeable.

Filtrateis discharged by two ways either by Open Discharged or Close Discharged. The close technique is used when toxic or
volatile materials are to be filtered.

Plates
and frames may be made of various metals to provide resistance from corrosion or to prevent metallic contamination of the
product.

The plate is ranging from 100 x 100 mm to 1500 x 1750 mm.

Operating pressure upto 700 kPi are common. The press may be operated upto 7 MPa by using suitable material of construction.
 Advantages Disadvantages
Advantages Disadvantages:
a Simple in construction • Labour requirement is very high.

b. Plate and frame filter presses provide the
lowest cost of filtration per unit of fluid
processed
c. Maintenance cost is low. It provides large
filtering area per unit for floor space occupied.
• Life of Filter cloth is relatively short.
• Not suitable to get high output. It is suitable for
slurries containing less than 5% solids.
• Problem of leakage of equipment.

d. It is possible to alter the capacity

e. Most joints are external, so leakage is easily

detected.

f. Flexibility

g. Proper washing of cake is possible.

 uses
 widely used in food industry, mining industry, pharmaceutical industry chemical industry, waste water
treatment.

 In pharmaceutical industry. Enzymes, amino acids, antibiotics, pharmaceutical intermediates, bulk drugs,
medicine, blood products, antibiotics (erythromycin, spiramycin , tetracycline, berberine, oxytetracycline),
etc are filtered by this press.

 The filter sheets made of asbestos and cellulose are capable of retaining bacteria, to obtain sterile filtrate

 For the filtration of viscous liquids, heating and cooling coils are attached in the press. Filter presses are
used in a huge variety of different applications, from dewatering of mineral mining stories to blood plasma
purification.

 At the same time, filter press technology is suitable for ultrafine coal dewatering as well as filtrate recovery
in coal preparation plants.
 FILTER LEAF
Principle:
 The mechanism is surface filtration and acts as a strainer. Vacuum can be
applied to increase the filtration rate.

Construction:

 It consists of a frame which may be circular, square,

and rectangular shape.
 The drainage canal is surrounded by frame.
 The filtrate outlet is attached to the frame through sunction. The entire unit is
covered with filter cloth.
 CONSTRUCTION
&
WORKING
 FILTER
LEAF
 Working
 The whole assembly is placed inside a container of slurry.

 The vacuum is connected to outlet.

 The slurry passes through the filter cloth.

 Solids accumulate on the cloth.

 Filtrate enter the drainage canal and passes through the outlet.

 The cake is washed by immersing the filter in a container of water.

 The air is passed in the opposite direction which facilitate removal of cake.
 Advantage , Disadvantage & Uses
 Advantages :-
 1. It require minimum floor space.
 2 Labor cost is also not so much high.
 3. High Washing efficiency
 4. Filtration area can be enhanced by attaching
number of leaves in parallel.
 5. It provide high filtrate clarity 6 Cake can be
easily dislodged and washed.
 Disadvantages:
 The maximum concentration of slurry that can be
filtered is only 5%w/v.
Uses
• suitable for handling flammable, toxic and
corrosive materials as they are autoclaved and
designed for hazardous environments when high
pressure and safe operation are required.
• The leaf filters are satisfactory if the solids content
of the slurry is not too high, i.e., about 5% of the
slurry
 ROTATORY DRUM FILTER
Principle:
 The slurry is filtered on rotating drum surface by applying vacuum.

 Construction

 It consist of hollow horizontal metal drum which is 1 to 20 ft long.

 The drum rotates at the speed of less than one rpm.

 The face of the drum is divided into circumferential sectors each forming a separate vacuum cell.

 The internal piping is used to attach each sector to center of drum through rotating valve.

 The valve has certain filters adjustable blocks.

conti.......  A valve with a bridge setting controls the sequence of the cycle so that
each sector is subjected to vacuum, blow and a dead zone , helps in
discharging of cake.

 The slurry is placed into the tank. Agitator is used to maintain

uniformity of slurry.

 Filter cloth is attached to the face of the drum by inserting special

caulking ropes into the grooved strips. The cloth ends are attached to
clippers.

 The filter cloth is used to retains the cake. The multifilament strings
are threaded across the entire cloth width.

 Sprays are attached to wash the cake.

 Washing zone
Drying zone

drainage zone
cake
removal
zone

Pick up zone
 Working
 The working of rotary drum filter is divided into various zones such as pick-up zone, drainage zone, washing zone,
drying zone and cake removal zone.
 The drum is immersed to the required depth in the slurry, which is agitated with help of agitator to prevent settling of the solids.

 As drum rotates, vacuum is applied to those sectors of the drum which is submerged

 . A cake of the desired thickness is produced by adjusting the speed of rotation of the drum.

 The filtrate is passed out to the receiver.

 The drum leaves drainage zone and enter into water wash zone

 . The cake is then washed with sprays.

 conti...

 The cake is partially dried by means of a current of air and cake enters into drying
zone.
 Finally, pressure is applied under the cloth to aid the removal of the cake.
 The washed and partially dried cake is removed by means of a doctor knife.
 The cake is also discharged by string discharge and belt discharge filters
 String discharge filters are used when cake is sticky in nature.
 In belt discharge filters short endless belts are used.
 Higher filtration rates may be achieved using belt discharge.
 All these steps completed in one cycle of drum.
 Then drum again receive fresh lot of slurry. When the solids of the slurry are too much
that the filter cloth becomes blocked with the particles, a pre-coat filter may be used
 Advantages: Advantages & Disadvantage
 1. The rotary filter is continuous in operation

 2. This filter is suitable for filter slurries containing a high proportion of solids.

 3. Labour costs are very low due to automatic operation.

 4. Rotary filter is suitable for filtration of highly concentrated solutions or thick slurries containing
30% of solids.
 5. Variation of the speed

 6. Very high capacity.

 Disadvantages:

 Very expensive because lot of accessories are connected such as vacuum pump, vacuum receivers. slurry pumps and agitators.

 The cake tends to crack under vacuum, so washing and drying are not efficient.
 Uses:

 1. Rotary filter is used for separation of the mycelium from the fermentation liquor in the
manufacture of antibiotics.

 2. It is suitable for slurry containing considerable amounts of solids in the range 15-30% 3.
These are used for collection of calcium carbonate, magnesium carbonate and starch