Assalamualaikum

Madam

Welcome to my
presentation
 my presentation topics is
“Norton's
theorem”
Israt Jahan
ID:20163060021
Department of Electrical and Electronic
Engineering.
North Western University,khulna.
CONTENTS
1.Introduction.
2.Theory.
i.Statement.
ii.Steps to analyse the Norton’s theorem.
iii.Norton Equivalent Circuit to DC Circuit
Conversion.
3.Application.
4.Advantage & Disadvantage.
5.Summary.
Introduction
Norton's theorem is an analytical method used to
change a complex circuit into a simple equivalent
circuit consisting of a single resistance in parallel with
a current source.
Norton on the other hand reduces his circuit down to a
single resistance in parallel with a constant current
source.
 Theory of Norton's theorem
Statement
Nortons Theorem states that “Any linear circuit containing
several energy sources and resistances can be replaced by
a single Constant Current generator in parallel with a
Single Resistor“.
 Steps to analyse the Norton’s theorem
To find the load variables using Norton’s theorem, Norton’s
equivalent parameters have to be determined. Those are Norton
current or magnitude of equivalent current source and Norton
resistance Rn or impedance ZN. The following steps are required to
determine them.
Step 1: To apply the Norton theorem first eliminate the load
resistor of the circuitry.

Step 2: Measure the interior resistance of the source system

by turn off the supplies in the circuitry.
 Step 3: After this connect the points of the output and
measure the short-circuit current.

Step 4: The resultant circuitry of Norton can be made by putting

interior resistor in parallel with the short-circuit current.

Step 5: At the end add resistance which we removed during the

first step then find the load current.
Norton Equivalent Circuit to DC Circuit Conversion
I. Let’s we have a given circuitry at which we have to apply
Norton Theorem. In this circuit, our load or output resistance is
the R2 which is two ohms.
II. For this, first of all, we will eliminate the output resistor (R2)
from the circuitry and connect the points a
and b.
III. The direction of current moving in the circuitry is shown in the
diagram.
Iv. I can see from the circuitry there are three loops and three currents are
moving in the loops. Now we will apply KVL on these loops and find
currents.
V. If we apply KVL on the first loop then we have this resultant
equation.
V- (I1 – I2)R4 = 0
[6 – (I1 – I2)R4] = 0
VI. As we know the value of (I2) which is (-4A) by putting this
value in the above equation we have.
[6- (I1 – (-4))] =0
VII.Solving this equation we have.
I2 = -2.5 amperes
VIII. Now we apply KVL at loop three, its crossponding equation is.
(I3)(R1) – (I3 –I2)(R3) = 0
(-4)(I3)- (6)(I3 +4) = 0
(-10)(I3) =24
I3 = -2.4 amperes
So,
(In) = (I1 –I3)
= (-2.5 + 2.4)
= 0.1 amperes
IX. It is the current which is moving from A to B.
X. Now we calculate the equivalent resistor which (RN). For this
resistor, you should swap all supplies in the circuitry with their interior
resistors.
XI. The value of the net resistance at the points a and b is
RN = (10 x 4)/ (10+4)
= 2.85Ω
XII. Now we add the current source (IN) with the resistor (Rn) to
make Norton circuitry which is shown in the diagram
XIII. To measure the output variable, we now add the load resistor at the
load points.
XVI. The load current IL will be.
IL = (IN) × [RN / (RL + RN)]
= (0.1) x [ (2.85)/(2+2.85)]
= 0.05 amperes
XV. For the variable value of the resistor, the current is given here.
When,
(RL) = (8 ohm)
IL = (0.1) × [(2.85) / (8 + 2.85)]
=0.02 Amperes
 Application of Norton's theorem
The Norton equivalent circuit is used to represent any network of
linear sources and impedances at a given frequency.

Norton's theorem and its dual, Thévenin's theorem, are widely used
for circuit analysis simplification and to study circuit's initial-condition
and steady-state response.
Advantage & Disadvantage of Norton's theorem
 Advantage of Norton's theorem

I. it reduces a complex circuit to a simple circuit.

II. It is very easy to determine the value of `In ,Rn ,a signal source of

e.m.f
III. the En . theorem useful to determine the current in partical
norton's
brance of the network as the resistance of that btrance is varies
while all other resistance and e.m.f source remain constant.
IV. it greatly simplifies the part of the circuit of the lesser
important and enable us to view the actin of the output part
directly.
 Disadvantage of Norton's theorem

I. This formula is appropriate for the linear modules like

resistors.
II. It’s not for such modules which are not linear like
diodes, the transistor.
III. It also not operate for such circuitries which has
magnetic locking.

IV. It also not work for such circuitries which has loaded
in parallel with dependent supplies.
 Summary
I am presented about Norton's theorem When I went to make this
presentation,I faced with various problems. As electronics component
literally control the world and as student of EEE(Electrical & Electronic
Engineering).I have gathered a bast knowledge through this
presentation.I can use this valuable knowledge to our respective
job sector.
So, In the end I can say that thank you Madam for specifying the
topic of this presentation for our group.