Department of

Mechanical Engineering, EFFECT OF

JSS Academy of GRAPHENE
Technical Education ADDITIVE VOLUME
FRACTION IN
Noida LUBRICANT OIL ON
THE PERFORMANCE
OF HYDRODYNAMIC
JOURNAL BEARING  
AUTHORS

ANILESH MATHUR, ANIRUDH

SINGH, ANKIT KUMAR, ANUJ
KUMAR
 INTRODUCTION

The main objective of this study is to analyze the effect In this study the journal bearing characteristics like to
of graphene additive volume fraction in commercially study the following characteristics:
available SAE30 lubricant oil on the performance of
hydrodynamic journal bearing.
Friction coefficient
Pressure distribution
Temperature Distribution.

2
METHODOLOGY

• Study is done by taking different volume fraction of Graphene nano platelets additive 
(0%, 0.075%, 0.1% and 0.15%) in lubricant.
• Paraffin oil is used to distribute the Graphene nano platelets in the base oil uniformly
and to resist sedimentation. 
• Experimental investigation on journal bearing test rig 
• Compare the result of the standard oil SAE30 with the results of SAE30 mixed with
different composition (volume fraction) of additive Graphene nano platelets.
Graphene:
• Studies shows that a minimal amount of graphene platelets added
to oil is capable of noticeable reduction in friction and wear of steel.​
• For instance, the average coefficient of friction decreased by 20% in ​
comparison to that of pure oil at the contact pressure of
1.17 GPa and ​temperature in the range 25–80 degree Celsius.​
• Graphene was shown to be very effective for friction and wear
reduction​not only as a lubricant but also as an additive to
oils, composite ​materials and solvents.​
• In the case of graphene in oils, thermal conductivity was
usually affected, ​leading to a reduction of the temperature in
the contact​ 4
PHYSICAL
PROPERTIES
OF
GRAPHENE
 Property Value in metric unit PROPERTIES
 
Density at 10°C
 
0.8878*103
 
Kg/m3
OF
      LUBRICANT
SAE30
Kinematic Viscosity at 40°C 85.6 cSt
     
Kinematic Viscosity at 90°C 13.62 cSt
     
Viscosity Index 100 -
     
Flash Point 210 °C
     
Pour Point -23 °C
     
Sulfated Ash 1.67 %
     
HYDRODYNAMIC JOURNAL BEARING TEST RIG

7
Sensors installed in HJBTR

Coupling of journal and induction motor

8
GEOMETRICAL PROPERTIES AND OPERATIONAL RANGE OF JOURNAL BEARING
   
Sr. All given dimensions in mm
no.
     
1 Bearing Material Brass
   
2 100.0
Shaft Diameter (ds)
     
3 Bearing Inner Diameter (d) 100.2
     
4 Bearing Length (L) 100.0
     
4 Radial Clearance (c) 0.100

     
Sr. Operating parameters Operational range
no.
     
1 Speed (N) in rpm 150 to 1500
     
2 Lubrication oil flow rate in kPa up to 500
     
3 Normal test load (W) in kN up to 10
     
4 Pressure distribution inside the bearing in 0 to 6.89
MPa
     
5 Temperature distribution inside the bearing up to 200
in °C
9
   LITERATURE REVIEW
TITLE AUTHOR DESCRIPTION
S. No.

1 Graphene: a new emerging Diana Berman , Ali Erdemir and Load carrying capacity, friction
lubricant Anirudha V. Sumant reducing properties and anti-wear
properties are improved

2 Graphene-Based Engine Oil Varrla Eswaraiah, Venkataraman The excellent performance of graphene
Nanofluids for Tribological Sankaranarayanan,‡ and Sundara on tribological properties of these oil-
Applications Ramaprabhu. based nanofluids is attributed to the
ultimate mechanical strength 

3 Improvement in frictional Vineet Sharma, Rajat Joshi, Himanshu It addresses the effects of graphite
behaviour of SAE 15W-40 lubricant Pant, Vipin Kumar Sharma particles on the friction behaviour of
with the addition of graphite multi-grade SAE 15W-40 lubricating
particles oil. 

4 Tribological behavior of nano TiO2 Ingole, S., Charanpahari, A., Kakade, A., Coefficient of friction is reduced due to
as an additive in base oil the uniform film formation on the
sliding surface

5 Friction and wear characteristics of Wu, H., Zhao, J., Cheng, X., Xia, W., He, 4% wt. TiO2 (conc. Varies from 4% to
TiO2 nano-additive water-based A., Yun, J. H., ... & Jiang, Z. 8% wt.) shows the optimal tribological
lubricant on ferritic stainless properties i.e. lowest COF and
steel strongest anti-wear properties
 TITLE​ AUTHOR​ DESCRIPTION​
S. NO.​ ​ ​ ​

1​ Recent advances in friction and Lincong LIU1 , Ming 2D materials exhibit anti-friction and
lubrication of graphene and other 2D ZHOU1,*, Long JIN1 , anti-wear properties because of their
materials: Mechanisms and Liangchuan LI1 , Youtang unique layered structure, and thereby
applications  MO1 , Guoshi SU1 , Xiao LI2 , providing great prospects for the
​ Hongwei ZHU3 , Yu TIAN4 development of nanoscale lubricants
​
2​ Tribological Capabilities of Graphene Jankhan Patel and This study was conducted to evaluate
and Titanium Dioxide Nano Amirkianoosh Kiani  the tribological and physical
Additives in Solid and Liquid Base properties of graphene and titanium
Lubricants dioxide​
​
3​ Optimization of Tribological Muhammad Ilman Hakimi The confirmation test was the final
Performance of Chua Abdullaha , Mohd stage to verify the results obtain from
hBN/AL2O3Nanoparticles as Engine Fadzli Bin Abdollaha,b *, the Taguchi design approach. The
Oil Additives  Hilmi Amiruddina,b , confirmation test is a crucial step and
Noreffendy Tamaldina,b , Nur is highly recommended by Taguchi to
Rashid Mat Nuria,b verify test results ​
4​ Characterization and parametric Ankit Tyagi, Shailesh Mani Coefficient of friction is reduced due
optimization of tribological Pandey, R SWalia and Qasim to the uniform film formation on the
properties of Mo blend composite Murtaz sliding surface​
coating
5​ Taguchi optimization of various Homender Kumar and AP This research paper addresses the
parameters for tribological Harsha optimization of various control
performance of polyalphaolefins parameters by using the Taguchi
based nanolubricants method to assess the tribological
properties of PAOs based
nanolubricants.​

11
 ALL
• Taguchi Method is a process/product
ABOUT optimization method that is based on 8-
TAGUCHI steps of planning, conducting and evaluating
results of matrix experiments to determine
the best levels of control factors
• In the methods of operational research,
there are three methods which includes
Mathematical Programming
techniques, Stochastic process techniques,
Statistical methods
12 • Under statistical method of analysis DOE
enters which is the design of any task that
aims to describe and explain the variation of
information under conditions that are
hypothesized to reflect the variation.
• Under DOE comes the Taguchi analysis which
is a form of fractional factorial design. 
 optimization problems in two categories,
 
• [A] STATIC PROBLEMS  :
• Generally, a process to be optimized has several control factors which
directly decide the target or desired value of the output. The
optimization then involves determining the best control factor levels so
that the output is at the target value. Such a problem is  called as a
"STATIC PROBLEM".
• This is best explained using a P-Diagram which is shown below ("P"
stands for Process or Product). Noise is shown to be present in the
Optimization process but should have no effect on the output! This is the primary
aim of the Taguchi experiments - to minimize variations in output even

problems in though noise is present in the process. The process is then said to have
become ROBUST.
 
two • [B] DYNAMIC PROBLEMS :

categories • If the product to be optimized has a signal input that directly decides
the output, the optimization involves determining the best control
  factor levels so that the "input signal / output" ratio is closest to the
desired relationship. Such a problem is called as a "DYNAMIC
PROBLEM".
 
• This is best explained by a P-Diagram which is shown below. Again,
the primary aim of the Taguchi experiments - to minimize variations in
output even though noise is present in the process- is achieved by
getting improved linearity in the input/output relationship.
 

13
Dynamic Problem
In dynamic problems, we come across many applications where the
output is supposed to follow input signal in a predetermined manner.
Generally, a linear relationship between "input" "output" is desirable.

There are 2 characteristics of common interest in "follow-the-leader" or

"Transformations" type of applications,
• (i) Slope of the I/O characteristics
• and
• (ii) Linearity of the I/O characteristics
     (minimum deviation from the best-fit straight line)
 
• The Signal-to-Noise ratio for these 2 characteristics have been defined
as;
 
(I) SENSITIVITY {SLOPE}:
     ----------------------------------
• The slope of I/O characteristics should be at the specified value
(usually 1).
• It is often treated as Larger-The-Better when the output is a desirable
characteristics (as in the case of Sensors, where the slope indicates the
sensitivity).
• n = 10 Log10 [square of slope or beta of the I/O characteristics]
• On the other hand, when the output is an undesired characteristics, it
can be treated as Smaller-the-Better.
14
• n = -10 Log10 [square of slope or beta of the I/O characteristics]
(II) LINEARITY (LARGER-THE-BETTER) :
      -----------------------------------------------
• Most dynamic characteristics are required to have direct
proportionality between the input and output. These applications
are therefore called as "TRANSFORMATIONS". The straight line
relationship between I/O must be truly linear i.e. with as little
deviations from the straight line as possible.
•                          Square of slope or beta
n = 10 Log10    ----------------------------
                                     variance
• Variance in this case is the mean of the sum of squares of
deviations of measured data points from the best-fit straight line
(linear regression)

15
TABLES AND CHARTS
• Above table shows the
optimized results of the Taguchi
analysis for signal to noise ratio
in which each parameter is
measures the input against the
desired output.
•  Delta shows the difference
between the same parameter at
the various level S/N ratio
which signifies that more the
difference means the more it
effects the desired output.
• So, in this our weight fraction of
graphene shows the 1.54 delta
value which is highest among
the other delta values shows the
direct influence of the weight
fraction on the COF of the
lubricant. 

16
• Above is the response table for the
means of the COF for every input
and the delta value here is
maximum i.e., is 0.0230 for the
graphene weigh fraction showing
the changing the weight percentage
of the graphene will show a
deflection of 0.0230 in COF. 
• This tables shows that there is a
direct influence of the weight
fraction of the graphene added into
the SAE-30 oil and the loading
conditions shows a little effect over
the COF. 
• All this shows these optimizations
will easily beforehand teel what
should be the best optimum weight
percentage of the graphene should
be choose to have the lowest value
of friction. 

17
18
• From the signal to noise ratios and mean
graphs for the weight percentage of the
graphene, load, pressure results: -
• In case of the weight percentage of graphene at
0.05% lowest COF value that is 0.117 achieved.
• In case of load at 600N the value of COF is
lowest that is 0.1233.
• In case of the pressure the pressure at zero
pressure the value of COF is lowest that is
equal to 0.125.

19
 • Graphs conforms that as the value of the
graphene in the SAE-30 is very lowest
the value of COF is similar to the pure
oil and the GNP is just filled into the
space of the metal asperities. Means
according to the Stribeck theory this is
the boundary lubrication zone.

CONCLUSIO • But as the value of GNP from increases

from the 0.01% to 0.05% that will lead

N
the covering of the asperities of the
metal surfaces thus reducing the metal-
to-metal surface contacts results in
decreasing the COF.
• As the value of the graphene increase
the COF decreases as oil viscosity
increases as the density of the oil
increase. 
• There is linear relationship between
load and the COF which confirms the
direct relationship of the friction force to
the normal force. 20
 FUTURE SCOPE

• There is still experiment have to be performed to know the

exact results of the theocratical study and the optimized results
of the desired tribological parameters.
• The size of the GNP provided by the manufacturer is large so
that there is a proper ball milling operation to reduce the size
up to nanometre scale.
• Sedimentation is the main issued that have to be solved to
increase the life of the lubricant.
• A comparative study should be done with both TiO2 and
graphene addition to acquire both of them good tribological
properties to the oil.

21
 THANK YOU

22