GEOLOGICAL LINK OF

ENGINEERING MATERIALS
the science of engineering materials has its roots in geology, in the science of
the earth. Man’s systematic attempt to understand the planet on which he
lives, its origin, development through the past has enlightened him of the
processes that are at work upon its surface and interior.

Geology is concerned with the systematic observation and measurements of

the soils, rocks, and fossils, of the streams, oceans, and lakes; of the
mountains, glaciers, plains, volcanoes, and shores.

Geology has also a pronounced impact on the economics of nations. Modern

civilization is a minerals civilization. It is dependent on materials mined
from the earth. Minerals are the source of iron, copper, aluminum, and
other metals upon which our economy is based. Man’s chief source of
power today are minerals fuels like petroleum, coal, and natural gas.
Energy from this fuel drive our automobiles, ships, locomotives, and
aircrafts, including numerous equipment and devices in business and
industry.
MINERALS

is a naturally occurring
substance with a characteristic
internal structure determined
by a regular arrangement of
the atoms or ions within it; and
with a chemical composition
and physical properties that
are either fixed or that vary
with a definite range.
 STONE AGE
 The stone age began more than fifty thousand
years ago. This period is marked by the
generals use of stone as implement and tool by
man.

 The stone age includes 2 periods, : the OLD

STONE AGE and the NEW STONE AGE.
OLD STONE AGE
the tools and implement are made by striking one
piece of stone against another, to chip or break
the stone.

NEW STONE AGE

the tools and implements were improved by
polishing or grinding them with the hardest stone
available. This result in sharper and better tools

During this period the bow and arrow was

invented.
 THE AGE OF METALS
 Use of metals was a slow process. The most
common metal at that time were gold and copper.

COPPER
the former was primarily used for ornament and
decoration, while copper which was more
abundant was hammered into knives, as, and
daggers. Since copper is soft, it is easily bent
rendering the tools og little value.
BRONZE
when melting a mixture of nine-tenth copper
and one-tenth a harder metal was produced.
The product was harder than either copper or
tin alone. The combination of copper and tin is
bronze. With this metal, man was then able to
fashion better tools and equipment to improve
his mode of living. He could kill game, cut
trees and better protect himself from his
enemies.
STEEL
the hard, sharp-edged tools, implement, and
weapons made from iron and steels were more
useful than any that has been produced. The
tools and devices were found very useful in
clearing wooded areas, building of houses and
building of agricultural colonies. These human
inventions and activities have been made
possible by the use of iron, coal, and other
mineral resources.
 AGE OF CONCRETE
 A new materials for construction has emerged.
This is concrete. This is a mixture of cement with
sand, gravel, pebbles or crushed stones. Concrete
is extensively used in the construction of
highways, tunnels, bridges, dams, skyscrapers,
and ports. The Age of Concrete began about
1900. concrete reinforced with iron and steel is
used extensively in structure of many kinds. The
concrete age supplement the iron age.
 NUCLEAR AGE
 This is an era in history marked by the
exploitation of the atom as a source of energy.
 Albert Einstein astounded the world, when he
claimed that the atom is a source of
tremendous energy E =m(c^2) where: m=mass,
c = velocity of light , which is a revocation of
the still accepted Newtonian concept of energy.
Einstein’s theory was confirmed by Enrico Fermi and
his associates when they were able to release the
energy of the atom in a controlled chain reaction at
the Stagg Field of the University of Chicago using a
carbon pile on December 2, 1942.
Fermi and Szilard, in 1955 opened to mankind the door
to the tremendous energy deposited within the atom.
A million kilowatt, pressurized water nuclear equal to
the natural radioactivity that accompanies the decays
of about 4 billion tons uranium dissolved in all
oceans. The radioactivity in a reactor decays slowly
after it is shut down and contributes about 200,000
kilowatts of heat while it is running.
FERMI AND
SZILARD
NUCLEAR
REACTOR
 SPACE AGE
 time period encompassing the activities related to
the Space Race, space exploration, space technology,
and the cultural developments influenced by these
events.

 The Space Age is generally considered to have begun

with Sputnik (1957). Furthermore it is argued that this
age brought a new dimension to the Cold War.

the combustion chamber and producing
Several ambitions program were in recent
years launched b the united state like the
Apollo program which landed Neil
Armstrong. The first human being on the
surface of the moon in July 1969.
In a rocket engine, hot gasses are flow
produced by very rapid burning of fuel
in a special combustion chamber. As
the gases flow out of the exhaust, the
rocket accelerates as a result of the
unbalanced gas pressure pushing on
the thrust. A rocket engine does not
push against anything but itself, it
operates even in the vacuum of space.
Rockets are able to attain the escape
velocity of slightly over 25,000 miles
per hour, the speed needed to move
away from the gravitational pull of the
earth.
 tiros mariner voyager

Because of this satellites man adventure into space has yielded countless data and
knowledge about the weather and has greatly improved our ability in weather
forecasting.
 THE EARTH
 Earth  is the third planet from the Sun, and the densest and fifth-largest of the eight planets in
the Solar System. It is also the largest of the Solar System's four terrestrial planets. It is
sometimes referred to as the World, the Blue Planet, or by its Latin name, Terra.
 Earth formed 4.54 billion years ago, and life appeared on its surface within one billion
years. The planet is home to millions of species, including humans. Earth's biosphere has
significantly altered the atmosphere and other a biotic conditions on the planet, enabling the
proliferation of aerobic organisms as well as the formation of the ozone layer which, together
with Earth's magnetic field, blocks harmful solar radiation, permitting life on land.
[
The physical properties of the Earth, as well as its geological history and orbit, have allowed
life to persist during this period. The planet is expected to continue supporting life for at least
another 500 million years.
 Earth's outer surface is divided into several rigid segments, or tectonic plates, that migrate
across the surface over periods of many millions of years. About 71% of the surface is covered
by salt water oceans, with the remainder consisting of continents and islands which together
have many lakes and other sources of water that contribute to the hydrosphere.
Earth's poles are mostly covered with solid ice (Antarctic ice sheet) or sea ice (Arctic ice
cap). The planet's interior remains active, with a thick layer of relatively solid mantle, a
liquid outer core that generates a magnetic field, and a solid iron inner core.
 Earth interacts with other objects in space, especially the Sun and the Moon. At
present, Earth orbits the Sun once every 366.26 times it rotates about its own axis,
which is equal to 365.26 solar days, or one sidereal year. The Earth's axis of
rotation is tilted 23.4° away from the perpendicular of its orbital plane, producing
seasonal variations on the planet's surface with a period of one tropical
year (365.24 solar days).Earth's only known natural satellite, the Moon, which
began orbiting it about 4.53 billion years ago, provides ocean tides, stabilizes the
axial tilt, and gradually slows the planet's rotation. Between approximately 3.8
billion and 4.1 billion years ago, numerous asteroid impacts during the Late Heavy
Bombardment caused significant changes to the greater surface environment.
 Both the mineral resources of the planet, as well as the products of the biosphere,
contribute resources that are used to support a global human population. These
inhabitants are grouped into about 200 independent sovereign states, which interact
through diplomacy, travel, trade, and military action. Human cultures have
developed many views of the planet, including personification as a deity, a belief in
a flat Earth or in the Earth as the center of the universe, and a modern perspective
of the world as an integrated environment that requires stewardship
 THE SPHERE OF THE EARTH
CENTROSPHERE

THE CENTER SPHERE OR THE HEATED INTERIOR THAT FORMS

THE MAIN MASS OF THE EARTH

LITHOSPHERE

THE HARD SHELL OF THE EARTH SURROUNDING THE

CENTROSPHERE, 10 TO 30 MILES THICK WITH SOLID ROCKS.
ONE FOURTH OF IT IS LAND MASSES AND THREE FOURTH
OCEANS AND LAKES
HYDROSPHRE

THE WATER SPHERE COVERING THREE FOURTH OF THE OUTER

SURFACE OF THE LITHOSPHERE

ATMOSPHERE

THE AIR SPACE CONSISTING OF SEVERAL HUNDRED MILES

THICK COMPLETELY COVERING THE LITHOSPHERE AND THE
HYDROSPHERE
 BRANCHES OF GEOLOGY
THE STUDY OF THE EVOLUTION OF THE EARTH HAS SPAWNED AN
ARRAY OF SCIENCES MOST COMMON AMONG WHOM ARE:

GEOMORPHOLOGY The study of land forms. It considers the origin, the

changes that they undergo and their past history

A branch of earth science which deals with the

PHYSIOGRAPHY earth’s surface feature including the earth’s
climates and ways man make use of the
soil,waterways,the other important natural
resources

STRUCTURAL GEOLOGY
the study of rocks and their relationships.
 PETROLOGY
The study of the characteristic and origin of rocks

The study of minerals of which rocks and ores are

MINEROLOGY composed. Findings of valuable ore deposits or deposits
of large fields of petroleum depend on understanding of
evidence found in rocks.

PALEONTOLOGY
Study on fossils preserved in rocks

STRATIGRAPHY A branch of earth science concerned with the age

relation of rocks

ECONOMIC GEOLOGY A science dealing with mineral veins and other

deposits of economic value
HYDROLOGY a science concerned with bodies of water

METEOROLOGY
A study of the earth atmosphere

VOLCANOLOGY
A study of volcanoes

SEISMOLOGY A science concerned with earth tremors and earth

movements.
 ENGINEERING MATERIALS

FOUR BROAD DIVISIONS OF ENGINEERING MATERIALS:

1. Those used for making tools and machineries.

2. Those used in the construction of buildings and highways.
3. Those materials used in fabricating articles used by the
generals public
4. Those chemicals used in the production of number of
engineering materials
 OBJECTIVES OF ENGINEERING MATERIALS

1. To familiarize students with the principals,

characteristics, properties, uses, and limitation of the
more important materials in engineering
2. To acquaint the students with some of the methods
of producing these materials.
3. To enable students to compare materials which may
be considered nearly equivalent and to weigh the
factor upon which a final choice may be based.