Introduction to Survey

Key Definitions
• Population
• Consists of entire group of subjects (people or things) that are being studied
Example:
• You are interested about the daily average allowance of all Grade 8 students. So your
population is all Grade 8 students
• You are interested about the monthly salaries of all CCNHS teachers. So your population
is all CCNHS teachers
• You are interested about the average number of sleeping hours of all CCNHS. So your
population is all CCNHS students
• Sample
• Group of subjects selected from a population
Key Definitions
• Census or Full-enumeration
• Recording or collecting of information of an entire population
Example:
• collecting the grades of all the Grade 8 students
• Recording the monthly salaries of all CCNHS teachers
• Asking all CCNHS students about their number of sleeping hours
• Sample Survey
• method of systematically gathering information on a subset of the population
(sample), such as individuals, families, business firms for the purpose of
inferring quantitative descriptors of the attributes of the population.
Why do we use sampling?

• Sampling is undertaken over full enumeration (census) since selecting

a sample is less time-consuming and less costly than selecting every
subject in the population.
• An analysis of a sample is also less cumbersome and more practical
than an analysis of the entire population
Key Definitions
• Parameters are numerical characteristics that describe the population
that are usually unknown and need to be estimated (usually denoted
by Greek letters)
• Example:
• average daily allowance of all Grade 8 students
• Percentage who likes sleeping among all Grade 8 students
• average number of hours of sleep of all CCNHS students

• Statistics are numerical characteristics of a sample

Two Areas in Statistics
• Descriptive Statistics
• consists of the collection, organization, summarization, and presentation of
data.
• only concerned with describing a population

• Example:
• Consider the national census conducted by the Philippine Statistics
Authority (PSA) every 10 years. Results of this census give you the
average age, income, and other characteristics of the Philippine
population.
Two Areas in Statistics

• Inferential Statistics
• consists of generalizing from samples to populations, performing estimations
and hypothesis tests, determining relationships among variables, and making
predictions.
Two Areas of Inferential Statistics
• Estimation
• Point Estimation
• Interval Estimation

• Hypothesis Testing
 Population Sample
Mean
Mean
Proportion
Proportion
Standard Deviation
Standard Deviation
Problems Addressed by Inferential Statistics

• ESTIMATION is concerned with finding a

value or range of values for an unknown
parameter.
• TEST OF HYPOTHESIS deals with evaluating
a claim or a conjecture about a parameter
or distribution of the population.
Research Problem: How effective is
Minoxidil in treating male pattern baldness?
Specific Objectives:

1. To estimate the population proportion of patients who

will show new hair growth after being treated with
Minoxidil.

2. To determine whether treatment using Minoxidil is

better than the existing treatment that is known to
stimulate hair growth.
Research Problem: How effective is
Minoxidil in treating male pattern baldness?
This can be answered
Specific Objectives:
by estimation
1. To estimate the population proportion of patients who
will show new hair growth after being treated with
Minoxidil.

2. To determine whether treatment using Minoxidil is

better than the existing treatment that is known to
stimulate hair growth.
Research Problem: How effective is
Minoxidil in treating male pattern baldness?
This can be answered
Specific Objectives:
by estimation
1. To estimate the population proportion of patients who
will show new hair growth after being treated with
Minoxidil.

2. To determine whether treatment using Minoxidil is

better than the existing treatment that is known to
stimulate hair growth.
This can be answered by
HYPOTHESIS TESTING
Hypothesis Testing vs. Confidence Intervals
• Both confidence interval estimation and hypothesis testing
deal with inferences about unknown population parameters.
• Deciding which to use in a particular application depends on
the intent of the investigation. Do we need to gather
information about the parameter, or do we ultimately have
to make a decision concerning the parameter?
• Gathering information about the parameter involves
constructing confidence intervals.
• Determining/Confirming the truth of a particular guess
about the parameter involves hypothesis testing.
Following are several examples that illustrate the point:

• A politician wants to know what percent of voters in his

district are in favor of his running for a second term. Here
the politician will make a decision on the basis of the results
of a poll, but the question at hand is, “What percent are in
favor?” Thus a confidence interval is appropriate.
Following are several examples that illustrate the point:

• The BFAD is testing a new dietary supplement to see

whether it dissolves cholesterol deposits in arteries. Here
they will make a decision that either the supplement is
effective or it is not. Therefore a test of hypothesis is
appropriate.
Following are several examples that illustrate the point:

• Government agencies that investigate such quantities as

unemployment rates, inflation, gross national product, and
so on, simply need estimates via confidence intervals.
Following are several examples that illustrate the point:

• A claim is made that a greater proportion of women smoke

than men. A test of hypothesis would shed light on this
question.
Following are several examples that illustrate the point:

• A textile company wishes to compare a new manufacturing

process with the old one. Is the new technique an
improvement over the old one? This clearly indicates that
hypothesis testing is appropriate.
Some reminders:
• In general, confidence intervals give information and
hypothesis testing helps make decisions.

• Although confidence intervals and hypothesis testing are

different types of inference procedures, they are closely
related. They are different ways of expressing the same
information contained in a sample.
ESTIMATION
• How do we estimate a parameter, q?
• Specifically, how do we estimate
 a population mean,  ?
 a population standard deviation, s?
 a population proportion, p?
ESTIMATION
•  An estimator of a parameter is a rule or a formula for
computing an estimate using the sample data
• It is usually denoted by a Greek letter with a ‘hat’ like and

• In other cases, special symbols are used like for the sample
mean as estimator of the population mean
• An estimate is a numerical value of the estimator
ESTIMATION
• There can be several estimators for a particular parameter.
• For example, a population mean can be estimated by any
one of the following:
• sample mean
• sample modal value
• sample median
TWO TYPES OF ESTIMATOR
•  1. A POINT ESTIMATOR is a formula that gives a single value in
estimating a parameter.

EXAMPLE:
is a point estimator of
s is a point estimator of
is a point estimator of p
Estimation of the Population Mean ()

Point Estimate
Estimate of Standard
Error
Standard Error
• The standard error is used to measure how well the obtained statistic
will estimate the target parameter. Its unit is the same as the unit of
the data values.

• The smaller the standard error, the better the statistic estimates the
parameter; that is, if the standard error is small then one can expect
that the estimate will not differ substantially from the target
parameter.
Estimation of the Population Proportion (p)
Point Estimate
Estimate of Standard
Error
Sample Problem:
• A simple random sample of 5 households was drawn from a barangay
containing 250 households. The numbers of persons per household in
the sample were as follows:

5 6 3 3 2
a) Estimate the true mean number of persons per household of the
barangay and find an estimate of its standard error.

b) Estimate the proportion of households in the barangay that have

more than 5 members and measure its precision.
Sample Problem:
• A company that manufactures electronic calculators uses a certain
type of plastic. Six samples of the new plastic materials were
randomly selected and their breaking strengths were determined. The
data obtained were 156, 154, 168, 157, 160 and 158.

a) Estimate the true mean breaking strength of the new plastic material
and measure the precision of this estimate.

b) Estimate the proportion of plastic materials that have breaking

strength less than 170 and measure its precision.
1. Consider the following observed weights (in kilograms) of a random sample of 10
students and use it to estimate the true value of the average weight of students
enrolled in the class.

40 45 46 48 48
58 59 60 60 62

a) Estimate the true average weight of all students in the class and find an estimate
for its standard error.

b) Estimate the proportion of students in the barangay that weighs more than 52kg.
Find an estimate for its standard error.
2. The director of a university observes a decline on the alcoholic
expenditures of students from a monthly expenditure of Php 350 in the
previous year. To check on this, he randomly selected 10 students who
drink alcoholic beverages and asked for the amount, in pesos, that they
usually spent on alcoholic beverages in a month. The data collected are:
400, 235, 200, 250, 200, 300, 500, 430, 420, and 220.
a) Estimate the true average amount spent on alcoholic beverages by
students who drink alcoholic beverages and estimate its standard
error.
b) Estimate the proportion of students that spend more than Php 200
and estimate its standard error.
3. The nickel metal battery is one of the highly advertised rechargeable
batteries today. It is lighter and can last up to 2 to 4 times longer than
alkaline batteries. To evaluate its performance, a random sample of 10
nickel metal batteries was taken. The number of photos taken using
each battery in a digital camera is given as follows: 405, 564, 342, 456,
435, 543, 473, 452, 462, and 475.
a) Estimate the true mean number of photos taken using the nickel
metal battery.
b) Provide a measure of precision of your estimate in (a)
c) Estimate the proportion of batteries which can take more than 500
photos when they are used in digicams.
d) Provide a measure of precision of your estimate in (c)