Professional Documents
Culture Documents
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Introduction
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Types of staining
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Simple staining methods
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Methylene blue stains
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Staining procedure
Results
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Differential staining methods .1
Gram's stain
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The Gram positive organism must have an intact cell wall. A
damaged cell wall inevitably results in Gram negative
reaction.
.Iodine
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is the mordant used
A counterstain, contrasting in colour with the primary
stain, is used to stain Gram negative bacteria which are
decolourised.
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Solutions
Lugol's iodine:
Iodine 10g
Potassium iodide 20g
Distilled water 1000mll
Counterstain
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Procedure
Results
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Acid-fast stain )Zehiel-Nelseen method(
Procedure
Results
Acid-alcohol fast bacteria : red
.Background and other bacteria :blue or green
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Kinyoun's method
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Auramine phenol fluorescent stain
Solutions
1 Auramine phenol
2 3% Acid alcohol
3 0.1% Potassium permanganate
Result
Acid fast bacilli: Bright luminous rods against
dark
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bachground
Special staining methods
Staining of metachromatic granules
Certain bacteria possess granules which are seen in
the cytoplasm. The presence of these granules help
in the identification of such bacteria. e.g.
Corynebacterium species. Special stains such as
Albert's, Neisser's and Pugh's stains are used to
demonstrate these granules
Solutions
Albert’s 1
Albert’s 2
Result:
Granules: bluish black; Organism: green
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Special staining methods
Staining of metachromatic granules
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Staining of capsules
2.Nigrosine-methylene blue
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Staining of spores
The spore wall is resistant to stains but spores
can be demonstrated with the application of
heat to the preparation.
Malachite green stain for spores
5% malachite green
0.5% safranin
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Staining of bacterial cell wall
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Staining methods for flagella
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10% Ferric chloride 1 ml.
Mix and stand for 3 minutes before use. The
solution does not keep.
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Continue to add drop by drop until the
precipitate which is formed is redissolved.
Continue to add more until a faint opalescence
is seen.
Procedure
1 .Place one drop of 1% osmic acid towards
one end of a very clean slide.
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Fontana's method for spirochaetes
Solutions:
1. Fontana's fixative
Glacial acetic acid 1 ml
Formalin 2 ml
Distilled water 100 ml
2. Absolute alcohol
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7. Apply the Fontana's silver solution, heat until
steam rises and leave for about ½ minute (the film
turns brown in colour).
8. Wash in distilled water, dry and mount in
neutral synthetic medium.
Results
Spirochaetes : brownish black
Background : brownish yellow.
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