Data and Knowledge

Management

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 Data Management:
A Critical Success Factor
• The difficulties and the process
• Data sources and collection
• Data quality
• Multimedia and object-oriented databases
• Document management

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 Difficulties
• Data amount increases exponentially
• Data: multiple sources
• Small portion of data useful for specific
decisions
• Increased need for external data

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 Difficulties ..2
• Differing legal requirements among
countries
• Selection of data management tool - large
number
• Data security, quality, and integrity

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 Data Life Cycle Process and
Knowledge Discovery

• Data collected and stored in databases

• Processed and stored in data warehouses
• Transformation - ready for analysis
• Data mining tools - knowledge
• Presentation

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 Data Sources and Collection
• Internal data
• Personal data
• External data
• Internet and commercial database services

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 Data Quality (DQ)
Intrinsic
– Accuracy, objectivity, believability, and
reputation

Accessibility
– Accessibility and access security

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 Data Quality ..2
Contextual DQ
– Relevancy, value added, timeliness,
completeness

Representation DQ
– Interpretability, ease of understanding, concise
representation, and consistent representation

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 Complex Databases
• Object-Oriented database
• Multimedia database
• Document management

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 Data Warehousing,
Mining, and Analysis
• Transaction versus analytical processing
• Data warehouse and data marts
• Knowledge discovery, analysis, and mining

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 Good Data Delivery System

• Easy data access by end users

• Quicker decision making
• Accurate and effective decision making
• Flexible decision making

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 Processing Solutions

• Business representation of data for end

users
• Client-server environment - end users query
and reporting capability
• Server-based repository (data warehouse)

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 Data Warehouse and Marts
The purpose of a data warehouse is to
establish a data repository that makes data
accessible in a form readily acceptable for
analytical processing activities.

A data mart is dedicated to a functional or

regional area. (subset of a warehouse)

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 Data Warehouse
• A data warehouse contains historical data,
not operational
• It contains data from a number of databases
so the data must be ‘cleaned’ to ensure that
the data definitions are consistent

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 Characteristics of Data
Warehousing
• Organization
• Consistency
• Time variant
• Nonvolatile
• Relational

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 The Data Warehouse and Marts
• Benefits
• Cost
• Architecture
• Putting the data warehouse on the internet
• Suitability

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Knowledge Discovery, Analysis,
and Mining
• Foundations of knowledge discovery in
databases (KDD)
• Tools and techniques of KDD
• Online analytical processing (OLAP)
• Data mining

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 The Foundations of Knowledge
Discovery in Databases (KDD)
• Massive data collection
• Powerful multiprocessor computers
• Data mining algorithms

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 OLAP Queries
• Access very large amounts of data
• Analyze the relationships between many
types of business elements
• Involve aggregated data
• Compare aggregated data over hierarchical
time periods

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 OLAP Queries ..2
• Present data in different perspectives
• Involve complex calculations between data
elements
• Able to respond quickly to user requests

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 Data Mining
• Automated prediction of trends
• Automated discovery of previously
unknown patterns
• Example: People who buy Barbie dolls also
buy a particular chocolate bar – What can
we do with that information?

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 Data Mining
Characteristics and Objectives
• Data often buried deep within large
databases
• Data may be consolidated in data
warehouse or kept in internet and intranet
servers
• Usually client-server architecture

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 Data Mining
Characteristics and Objectives
• Data mining tools extract information
buried in corporate files or archived public
records
• The “miner” is often an end user
• “Striking it rich” usually involves finding
unexpected, valuable results
• Parallel processing

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 Data Mining
Characteristics and Objectives
• Data mining yields five types of
information
• Data miners can use one or several tools

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 Data Mining Yields Five Types
of Information
• Association
• Sequences
• Classifications
• Clusters
• Forecasting

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 Data Mining Techniques
• Case-based reasoning
• Neural computing
• Intelligent agents
• Others: decision trees, genetic algorithms,
nearest neighbor method, and rule reduction

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Data Visualization Technologies
• Data visualization
• Multidimensionality
• Geographical information systems (GIS)

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 Data Visualization
Data visualization refers to presentation of
data by technologies digital images,
geographical information systems, graphical
user interfaces, multidimensional tables and
graphs, virtual reality, three-dimensional
presentations and animation.

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 Multidimensionality
Major advantage
– data can be organized the way
managers prefer to see the data
Three factors
– dimensions, measures, and time

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 Examples
Dimensions
– Products, salespeople, market segments,
business units, geographical locations
Measures
– Money, sales volume, head count, inventory,
profit, actual versus forecasted
Time
– Daily, weekly, monthly, quarterly, yearly
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 Geographical Information
Systems (GIS)

A GIS is a computer-based system for

capturing, storing, checking,
integrating, manipulating, and
displaying data using digitized maps.

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 Components of a GIS

• Software
• Data
• Emerging GIS applications

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 Emerging GIS Applications
Integration of GIS and GPS
– Reengineer aviation and shipping industries
Intelligent GIS (integration of GIS and ES)
User interface
– Multimedia, 3D graphics, animated and
interactive maps
Web applications

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 Knowledge Management
• Knowledge management or managing
knowledge databases

• A knowledge base is a database that

contains information or organizational
know how.

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 Accenture’s
Learning Organization Knowledge Base
• Global best practices
• These data combined with ongoing research
identify areas to be developed
• Research analysis team with content experts
to develop best practices
• Qualitative and quantitative information and
tools in Intranet for corporate wide access
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Accenture’s Knowledge Base ..2
• Best company profiles
• Relevant Accenture engagement experience
• Top 10 case studies and articles
• World-class performance measures
• Diagnostic tools

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Accenture’s Knowledge Base ..3
• Customizable presentations
• Process definitions
• Directory of internal experts
• Best control practice
• Tax implementations

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 Conclusion
• Cost-benefit analysis
• Where to store data physically
• Disaster recovery
• Internal or external
• Data security and ethics
• Data purging

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 Conclusion ..2
• The legacy data problem
• Data delivery
• Privacy – especially customer information
• What to do?
• When to do it?

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