被害者保護法令

林耿徽
 個人簡介
• 72 期外事系、 100 年班刑事所
• 102 年教育部公費留考
• Doctoral degree, 2016 – 2020 Security and Crime Science, University
College London
 課程大綱
• 被害者學：被害者之量測、理論、權利及各類犯罪之被害
• 我國被害者法規介紹與檢視：現行法規檢視、與英美國家比較之優
缺點
• 警察工作與被害者的關係：實務工作中，警察應如何顧及被害者之
權利及應注意之事項
 被害者學
• 何謂被害者學？與犯罪學的關係？
• Benjamin Mendelsohn 1947
• Scientific study of crime victims: who, why, how
 History
• 中世紀期間 (5 – 16 C) 及以前：報復執行之主體、以眼還眼
• 工業革命以降：國家成為主體
• 1940s 後：被害者再次成為主體
 被害者在犯罪中的角色
• 被害者促發 (victim precipitation) ：被害人為犯罪部分負責
• Victim facilitation ：不經意使的犯罪容易得手
• Victim provocation ：挑釁、觸怒
• Q: 被害人是否須為自己的被害負責？三者的差異？
 Hans von Hentig 1948
• 調查犯罪被害之因素 – 范嫌與被害人共通
• 13 項特徵：年輕、女性、年老、移民、心
智缺陷、貪婪、愚蠢、少數族裔、放蕩、
寂寞並心碎、折磨他人、喜愛鬥毆
Benjemin Mendelsohn
• 依可責性分類
• 完全無辜、稍微可責、
與加害人同樣可責、比
加害人可責、最可責、
想像被害
 Stephen Schafer
• 特徵與行為
• 不相關、挑釁、促發、生物學上的弱勢、社會層面上的弱勢、自我
被害、政治被害
 Marvin Wolfgang
• 殺人案件中，約有 25% 是被害者促發。
• 殺人案件中，被害人通常與加害人熟識、通常被害人與加害人都是
男性、案發時飲用酒類
 Menachem Amir
• 性侵害案中，約 20% 是由被害人促發。
• 該類案件通常牽涉酒類飲用、誘惑的行為
• Q: why early victim research centred on victim behaviour rather
offenders’ ?
• Q: is it wrong to consider the role and responsibility of the victim?
 被害人權利運動
• 1960s 犯罪激增
• 1966 National Crime Survey vs official data
• More comprehensive, reluctance to report to the police
• The Women’s movement – sexual assault and domestic violence, leading
to shelters, crisis center, awareness of physical and mental harm, victim
service provided by volunteer organisations
• The Civil Rights Movement against racism and discrimination
 Programs for victims
• 1965 crime victims’ compensation program in California
• 1972 victim assistance programs – rap crisis centers
• Victim/witness assistance programs - 1974 to notify victims of critical dates
in their cases and create separate waiting area
• 1974 secondary victim – Families and Friends of Missing Persons, 1978
Parents of Murdered Children, 1980 Mothers Against Drunk Driving
 Legalisation and policy
• Wisconsin – the first state to pass a Victims’ Bill of Rights in 1980
• Reagan
• 1. Federal legislation to fund victim compensation programs
• 2. Recommendations to criminal justice professionals and other professionals
about how to better treat crime victims
• 3. Creation of a task force on violence within families
• 4. An amendment to the U.S. Constitution to provide crime victims’ rights
 Legalisation and policy
• Victims of Crime Act was passed in 1984
• Compensation covered victims of domestic violence and drunk-driving in
1988
• Violence Against Women Act 1994
• New Directions from the Field: Victims’ Rights and Services for the 21st
Century in 1998
 Victimology today
• Crime victim: who victims were? official data, national victimization survey,
identification of the vulnerable
• The causes of victimization: why? Why a certain person get victimised?
Routine activities, risky lifestyle.
• Costs of victimization: tangible – damaged property; mental – PTSD;
money spent by the criminal justice system
• Recurring victimization: why certain victims vulnerable to revictimization?
 Victimology today
• Crime victims and the criminal justice system: suspicion and distrust of the
police, treated with respect and dignity
• Crime victims and social service: medical attention, counselling, mental health
clinicians,
• Prevention: difficult to change the behaviour of offenders
 The extent of victimization
• Official data: Uniform Crime Report (UCR)
• Pro: 97% coverage, geographical distribution of crime, crime characteristic
included
• Con: detailed information about crime victim not included, only crimes
reported to the police, crime limited to certain index
 The extent of victimization
• National incident-based reporting system (NIBRS)
• 23 offence categories encompassing 49 specific crimes, collecting data
including the offender, victim, injury, location, property loss etc.
• Only 36% of all law enforcement agencies participate
 The extent of victimization
• National Crime Victimization Survey NCVS, 1973
• 95,000 households, resulting in about 163,000 persons, remains for 3 years, 7
interviews
• 2 stages, first stage serves to screen respondents; 2nd stage filling out incident reports
• Pro: more crime categories, more comprehensive, more conservative (pre-6 months)
• Con: depending on respondents’ accurate recall, up to 10 incidents, murder and
victimless crimes, ages 12 and over
2015
 Typical victimization and victim
• In 2015, more than 19,600,000 victimizations;
• 5 million violent crime victimizations vs 14.6 m property crime victimization
• For violent crime, except for rape and sexual assaults, males and females are equally likely
to be victimized.
• Persons who are black and those under the age of 24
• 47% of victimizations in NCVS are reported to the police
• Property crimes are less likely to be reported than are violent crimes
• Among violent crimes, rape and sexual assault are the least likely to be reported, whereas
robbery is most likely
 Typical victimization and victim
• 70% of motor thefts are reported to the police while 29% of all thefts are.
• Possible explanation: features of victimization and motivations for reporting,
e.g. attacker as a friend or acquaintance (1/3 of violent victimization are
committed by strangers), to secure property back (car, insurance)
• In intimate partner crimes, females are more likely to be victimized.
• 58% of crimes, the offender had a weapon.
• 55% of violent crimes resulted in the physical injuries.
 International Crime Victims Survey
(ICVS)
• Conducted in 1989, 1992, 1996, 2000, 2004/5
• 140 surveys had been done in over 78 different countries (in 37 countries
nationwide).
• Over 320,000 citizens have been interviewed
Crime Survey for England and Wales (CSEW)

• Beginning in 1982, conducted every 2 years until 2001, and changed to every
year
• Survey 35000 adults and 3000 children with age between 10 – 15
• 1000 interviews per police force area
• In 2015, 6.4 million crimes against households and those 16 and older, with
1.3 million violent incidents
 台灣被害者調查
• 2000 、 2005 、 2010 、 2015 計 4 波
• 電訪調查包含家戶被害 ( 住宅竊盜、汽車竊盜、機車竊盜、詐欺 ) 及
個人被 害 ( 一般竊盜、傷害、強盜、搶奪 )8 案類，共完成 1 萬
3,016 份有效樣本
• 派員實 地調查包含家戶被害 ( 住宅竊盜、汽車竊盜、機車竊盜、詐
欺 ) 及個人被害 ( 強盜、 搶奪 )6 案類，共完成 1,811 份有效樣本
 2015 年臺灣地區犯罪被害調查
• 個人被害發生率 8.92 次 ( 每百人被害次數 ) ，盛行率 5.99%( 每百人被害比率 )
分別較 前次調查減少 8.20 次及 5.21 個百分點。
• 家戶被害發生率 4.86 次 ( 每百戶被害次數 ) ，盛行率 3.60%( 每百戶被害比率 )
分別較 前次調查減少 5.06 次及 3.96 個百分點。
• 有 77.90% 被害民眾對警察處理整個案件情形感到滿意，較前次調查增加 11.46
個 百分點。
• 政府機關是否比過去更重視犯罪被害人的權益，家戶被害民眾同意的比率為
60.57% ，個人被害民眾同意的比率為 65.83% ，分別較前次調查提高 13.84 及
17.16 個百分點。
 犯罪預防 - 住宅竊盜
• 未遭竊戶除「家中 養狗」比率較遭竊戶低
• 有「私 人保全或警衛」比率相差 15.11 個百分點最多
• 有「警民聯線或家戶聯防」比 率相差 7.63 個百分點次之
• 遭竊戶之遭竊前後安全設備狀況，遭竊後安全設備比率皆較遭竊前
提高，其中以加裝「錄影監視器」比率增加 13.92 個百分點最多，
加裝「門 / 窗防盜鈴」比率增加 8.25 個百分點次之。
 犯罪預防 – 汽車竊盜
• 未失竊戶有 「裝防盜器」比率 57.18% ，較失竊戶 38.46% 多 18.72
個百分點；
• 未失竊戶 有「烙碼」比率 33.14% ，較失竊戶 23.08% 多 10.06 個
百分點。
 犯罪預防 – 機車竊盜
• 未失竊戶有 「烙碼」比率 58.92% ，較失竊戶 46.99% 多 11.93 個
百分點；
• 未失竊戶有「鎖 上龍頭」比率 59.85% ，較失竊戶 49.40% 多 10.45
個百分點。
 發生時段與人數
• 發生在晚上時段較多者有強盜 (59.79%) 、 汽車竊盜 (73.33%) 及機車
竊盜 (55.73%) ；
• 發生在白天時段較多者為搶奪 (61.12%) 及住宅竊盜 (50.87%) 。
• 強盜案件占 80.43%( 獨自一人占 56.52% 、兩人占 23.91%)
• 搶奪案件占 93.52%( 獨自一人占 75.93% 、兩人占 17.59%)
• 詐欺案件被害時則以獨自一人占 89.24% 最多。
 與被害人關係
• 各案類被害人「不認識或不知道」犯罪人的比 率大多超過 8 成
5。
• 被害人與犯罪人之關係，以朋友 ( 含同事、同學 ) 較多，其中 強盜案
件有 8.70% ，住宅竊盜有 6.98% ，詐欺案件有 6.93% 。
 身心傷害
• 家戶被害被害人有 37.55% 表 示感到「擔心、焦慮、憂鬱」、 30.38%
表示「感覺憤怒」及 21.27% 表示有「不 安全感」；
• 個人被害被害人有 45.45% 表示感到「恐懼」、 44.44% 表示感到「擔
心、焦慮、憂鬱」及 38.89% 表示有「不安全感」。
• 家戶被害被害人有 19.54% 表 示有「睡眠問題」、 4.12% 表示「頭痛」
及 3.56% 表示「疲勞」；
• 個人被害被 害人有 21.50% 表示有「睡眠問題」、 14.00% 表示感到
「肌肉緊繃或背痛」及 7.50% 表示「頭痛」。
 警察的協助
• 需要警察提供的資訊比率由高至低依序為，「有關接受報案後會如
何處理」 45.27% 、「有關訴訟調解程序」 31.57% 、「有關自己或
家人的安全保護建議」 26.54% 及「其他求助資源獲得管
道」 22.45% 。
• 警察知道犯罪事件後的反應時間 ( 如派遣警察到犯案現場、製作筆
錄、採集 證物等 ) ， 77.66% 家戶被害案件和 79.12% 個人被害案件
在 1 小時內。
Questions