ORGANISATIONAL

CULTURE AND ITS

MANAGEMENT

JONAS P. ANCIANO, MPA

After studying this chapter, you will be able to:

 1. Definition of organisational culture

 2. Discuss functions of organisational culture
 3. Define organisational culture model
 4. Explain creating and sustaining organisational
culture
 Organisational culture is a concept developed by
researchers to explain the values,psychology,
attitudes, beliefs, and experiences of an
organisation. Generally speaking,it is viewed as
the shared norms and values of individuals and
groups within an organisation. This set of mutual
understandings controls the way individuals
interact with each other within the organisation as
well as with customers, suppliers, and other
stakeholders existing outside the boundaries of
the organisations.
 The managers and executives within an
organisation have a significant impact on the
culture because of their role in making
decisions, but they are not the only members
of the work community. In reality, all
employees contribute to the norms of the
group. Culture, in the environment of the
workplace, is the result of the weaknesses,
strengths, life experiences, and education of
everyone who is part of the workforce.
 The culture of an organisation also is molded by its
mission. For example, a university’s culture is
different from that of the military, a hospital, or a
for-profit company. Understanding the culture of a
specific enterprise is made more difficult by the fact
that there is no single culture. Instead, complex
organisations also reflect theculture of the sub-
groups within them. Individuals might adhere to the
core values and beliefs of the organisation, but they
also belong to sub-groups or cultures that form along
the lines of occupational duties, professional skills,
age, union membership, etc.
 Organisational culture is both formal and
informal. A flow chart indicating authority
lines or a human resources manual might
define the formal culture. Informal culture,
though, is revealed in such things as bulletin
board content, decorations in individual work
areas, the arrangement of furniture,
newsletters, clothing worn, how employees
interact in meetings or collaborate, and the
workplace stories that are repeated.
 The hiring of new employees is another area in
which the culture of the organisation plays a role.
In the interviewing process, questions often are
directed to explore whether or not the candidate
would be a good fit in the organisation’s culture. It
is a powerful element that shapes all facets of work.
Organisational culture is a widely used term but
one that seems to give rise to a degree of ambiguity
in terms of assessing its effectiveness on change
variables in an organisation. For the past number of
decades, most academics and practitioners studying
organisations suggest the concept of culture is the
climate and practices that organisations develop
around their handling of people.
 Every human being has several needs and
desires. But no individual can satisfy all his
wants. Therefore, people work together to
meet their mutual needs which they cannot
fulfil individually. Moreover, man is a social
being as he likes to live together with other
people. It is by working and living together in
organized groups and institutions that people
satisfy their economic and social needs.
 The task of getting results through others
by coordinating their efforts is known as
management. Just as the mind
coordinates and regulates all the
activities of a person,management
coordinates and regulates the activities of
various members of an organisation.
 DEFINITION OF
ORGANISATIONAL
CULTURE
 A single definition of organisational culture
has proven to be very elusive. No one
definition of organisational culture has
emerged in the literature. One of the issues
involving culture is that it is defined both in
terms of its causes and effect.
 These are the two ways in which
cultures often defined.
 Outcomes: Defining culture as a manifest pattern
of behaviour - Many people use the term
culture to describe patterns of cross
individual behavioural consistency. For
example, when people say that culture is
“The way we do things around here,” they
are defining consistent way is in which
people perform tasks, solve problems,
resolve conflicts, treat customers, and
treat employees.
 Process: Defining culture as a set of
mechanisms creating cross
individual behaviour al
consistency- In this case culture is
defined as the informal values,
norms, and beliefs that control how
individuals and groups in an
organisation interact with each
other and with people outside the
organisation.
 The organisational culture is a system of
shared beliefs and attitudes that develop within an
organisation and guides the behaviour of its
members.
There are clear-cut guidelines as to how
employees are to behave generally
within organisation. The employees need
to learn how the particular enterprise
does things.
 The corporate culture “consists of the norms,
values and unwritten rules of conduct of an
organisation as well as management styles,
priorities, beliefs and inter-personal behaviour
that prevail. Together they create a climate
that influences how well people communicate,
plan and make decisions.”
 Culture involves the learning and
transmitting of knowledge, beliefs and
patterns of behaviour over a period of
time. Culture can be inferred from what
people say, do, and think within an
organisational setting. It often sets tight
tone for the organisation and establishes
implied rules for the way people should
behave.
 It is important to recognize that
culture is learned and helps people in
their efforts to interact and
communicate with others in the
society. When placed in a culture
where values and beliefs are
different, some people have a great
deal of difficulty in adjusting.
 Nature of Organisational
Culture
The culture of an organisation may reflect in various forms
adopted by the organisation. These could be:

 The physical infrastructure

 Routine behaviour, language, ceremonies
 Gender equality, equity in payment
 Dominant values such as quality, efficiency and so on
 Philosophy that guides the organisation’s policies
towards it employees and
 Customers like ‘customer first’ and ‘customer is
king’, and the manner in which employees deal
with customers.
 behavior
is the range of actions and mannerisms made by
individuals, organisms, systems, or artificial entities
in conjunction with themselves or their
environment, which includes the other systems or
organisms around as well as the physical
environment.
 ORGANISATIONAL CULTURE

is composed of seven characteristics that range in

priority from high to low. Every organisation has a
distinct value for each of these
characteristics,which, when combined, defines the
organisation’sunique culture.
 Types of Organisational Culture

 ■■ Clan culture
 ■■ Adhocracy culture
 ■■ Market culture and
 ■■ Hierarchy culture.
 Clan Culture
 This working environment is a friendly one. People have a lot in common,
and it’s similar to a large family. The leaders or the executives are seen as
mentors or maybe even as father figures. The organisation is held together
by loyalty and tradition. There is great involvement. The organisation
emphasizes long-term Human Resource development and bonds
colleagues by morals. Success is defined within the framework of
addressing the needs of the clients and caring for the people. The
organisation promotes teamwork, participation, and consensus.
 Leader Type: facilitator, mentor, team builder
 Value Drivers: Commitment, communication, development
 Theory of Effectiveness: Human Resource development and participation
are effective
 Quality Improvement Strategy: Empowerment, team building, employee
involvement, Human Resource development, open communication
 Adhocracy Culture
 This is a dynamic and creative working
environment. Employees take risks. Leadersare
seen as innovators and risk takers. Experiments
and innovation are the bonding materials within the
organisation. Prominence is emphasized. The long-
term goal is to grow and treate new resources. The
availability of new products or services is seen as
success. The organisation promotes individual
initiative and freedom.
 ■■ Leader Type: Innovator, entrepreneur, visionary
 ■■ Value Drivers: Innovative outputs,
transformation, agility
 ■■ Theory of Effectiveness: Innovativeness,
vision and new resources are effective
 ■■ Quality Improvement Strategy: Surprise and
delight, creating new standards,
 anticipating needs, continuous improvement,
finding creative solutions
 Market Culture
 This is a results-based organisation that emphasizes
finishing work and getting things
 done. People are competitive and focused on goals. Leaders
are hard drivers, producers,
 and rivals at the same time. They are tough and have high
expectations. The emphasis
 on winning keeps the organisation together. Reputation and
success are the most
 important. Long-term focus is on rival activities and
reaching goals. Market penetration
 and stock are the definitions of success. Competitive prices
and market leadership are
 important. The organisational style is based on competition.
 ■■ Leader Type: Hard driver, competitor,
producer
 ■■ Value Drivers: Market share, goal
achievement, profitability
 ■■ Theory of Effectiveness: Aggressively
competing and customer focus are effective
 ■■ Quality Improvement Strategy: Measuring
client preferences, improving
 productivity, creating external partnerships,
enhancing competiveness, involving customers
and suppliers
 Hierarchy Culture
 This is a formalized and structured work
environment. Procedures decide what people
 do. Leaders are proud of their efficiency-based
coordination and organisation. Keeping
 the organisation functioning smoothly is most crucial.
Formal rules and policy keep
 the organisation together. The long-term goals are
stability and results, paired with
 efficient and smooth execution of tasks. Trustful
delivery, smooth planning, and low costs
 define success. The personnel management has to
guarantee work and predictability.
 ■■ Leader Type: Coordinator, monitor, organizer
 ■■ Value Drivers: Efficiency, timeliness,
consistency, and uniformity
 ■■ Theory of Effectiveness: Control and
efficiency with capable processes are effective
 ■■ Quality Improvement Strategy: Error
detection, measurement, process control,
 systematic problem solving, quality tools
 DRUG ADDICTION
 GENERAL OBJECTIVES
 1. The students should be able to know the social causes and effects of drug
addiction.
  
 2. The students should be able to identify and cite the effects of some
common addictive
 substances.
  
 3. The students should be able to share insights on how drug addiction may
be prevented.
  
  
  
 CONTENTS
  
 1. Substance Abuse
  
 2. Basic Classifications of Addictive Substance
  
 3. Drug Prevention Measures
  
  
 LET US TALK
 Which do you think is true in connection with the rise in the
cases of drug addiction in the country?
  
 a. There are many drug users because there are many pushers.
  
 b. There are many drug pushers because there are many buyers.
  
  
 2. Is there a need for separate court to hear drug related cases?
  
  
 SECTION 1: SUBSTANCE ABUSE

 1. Drug. A substance used in the treatment of health disorders.

  
 2. Drug Abuse. The consumption of any regulated or prohibited substance without
proper advice from competent authorities. Any drug may be harmful when taken in
excess. Some drugs can also be harmful if taken in dangerous combinations or by a
hypersensitive (allergic) person in ordinary or even small amounts.
  
 3. Drug Addiction. The state of chronic intoxication caused by repeated and
improper consumption of any regulated or prohibited substance. It is characterized
by: a. An overpowering desire to take the substance. b. A tendency to increase the
 dosage. c. A psychological and physical dependence on the substance.
  
 4. Drug Dependence. The state of uncontrollable drive to take a particular
substance to achieve physical and psychological stability following a continuous but
improper use of the same substance.
 5. Drug Tolerance. A condition in which the body builds
up a resistance to the effects of a drug, so that larger
quantities are needed to obtain the same effect.
Uncontrolled increase in the amount of substance taken
may lead to over dose which can result to death.
  
 6. Withdrawal Syndrome. The condition in which the user
becomes uncomfortable and very irritable as an after effect
of the drug taken. In this stage, the user has tendency to
lose control himself and become hysterical or violent.
  
 CLASSIFICATIONS OF DANGEROUS
SUBSTANCE

 1.Prohibited Drugs. Substances that are highly dangerous when

taken without proper authorization. Only drug manufacturers and
institutions engaged in the study of scientific and medical
importance are authorized to obtain and maintain any amount of
the same.
  
 2. Regulated Drugs. Substances that have great medicinal value
but potentially harmful when taken without proper authorization,
that is why they are given or administered only with proper
authorization from doctors and other competent authorities.
  
  
 COMMON SIGNS OF SUBSTANCE ABUSE

 1. Irritable, discourteous, defiant and aggressive behavior

 2. Untrustworthy and lacks self-confidence
 3. Unhealthy and disinterested about his grooming and
appearance
 4. Has low frustration tolerance
 5. Loses interest in studies or work
 6. Sudden change of habits
 7. Inappropriate eye pupil dilation and contraction
 8. Prefers to be in the company of bad elements
 9. Inappropriate wearing of sunglasses
 10. Reduced or impaired physical capabilities
 COMMON REASONS WHY
PEOPLE TURN TO DRUGS
 1. Lack of parental guidance
 2. To escape from problems
 3. Curiosity about its effects
 4. To be accepted in a group or peer pressure
 5. Ignorance on the effects of the substance
 6. To emulate a negative role model
 7. Lack of outlets for other interests
 8. Lack of self-confidence
 9. Depressions and frustrations
 10. To stay awake, alert and full of vigor
  
 SECTION TWO: BASIC CLASSIFICATIONS OF
ADDICTIVE SUBSTANCES

 1. Narcotics. Drugs that produce sleep or stupor and relieve pain due to their depressant effect on the central
nervous system. They can be fatal, and long-term users may develop collapsed veins, liver diseases and lung
complications.
  
 Examples:
  
 a. Opium. A narcotic formed from the latex released by lacerating the immature seed pods of opium poppies.
It contains up to 10% morphine, an opiate alkaloid, which is most frequently processed chemically to
produce heroin for the illegal drug trade.
  
 b. Morphine. A highly potent and highly addictive opiate analgesic drug that acts directly on the central
nervous system to relieve pain.
  
 c. Codeine. Also known as methylmorphine is an opiate used for its analgesic, antitussive and anti-diarrheal
properties.
  
 d. Heroin. An addictive drug that is processed from morphine and usually appears as a white or brown
powder. Short-term effects include a surge of euphoria followed by alternately wakeful and drowsy states
and cloudy mental functioning.
 2. Depressants or Sedatives. Chemicals that work on the central nervous
and depress its activity resulting in calmness, relaxation, reduction of
anxiety and sleepiness, slowed breathing, slurred speech, staggering gait,
poor judgment, and slow, uncertain reflexes. Because of their sedative,
hypnotic and tranquilizing effects, they are commonly referred to as
downers
  
 Examples:
 Barbiturates. Drugs that act as central nervous system depressants. They
produce different effects from mild sedation to anesthesia. They are habit
forming and lead to physical withdrawal symptoms such as tremors, anxiety.
weakness, restlessness, nausea and vomiting, delirium, and cardiac arrest.
 b. Alcohol. Toxic chemical compound with a distinctive perfume-like odor
and is usually contained in beverages. It warms the body and has depressant
effect, especially when taken in large amount.
  
 3. Stimulants. Drugs which increase mental alertness, relieve fatigue, and
offset drowsiness also known as uppers.
  
 Examples:
 a. Amphetamines. These come in a yellowish crystal either in tablet or capsule
form. They produce euphoria, sleeplessness and loss of appetite.
  
 b. Cocaine. The most potent stimulant of natural origin. It is extracted from the
leaves of the coca plant which is grown in the Andean highland of South America.
Cocaine comes in the form of crystalline and inhaled through the nose.
  
 c. Shabu. A white odorless crystal or crystalline powder with a bitter numbing taste.
It is the street name for the chemical substance known as Methamphetamine HCL. It
is also popularly known as poor man's cocaine. Other slang names are shabs, ubas,
S, siopao, sha and ice. Effects of shabu include anxiety, irritability, irrational
behavior, talkativeness and loss of self-control. loss of appetite and inability to
sleep. It can also lead to acute psychotic reactions, violent and destructive behavior
and recklessness that may result in
 ccidents. Physiological effects may include chest pain, irregularity of heartbeat,
hypertension, convulsion and death from cardiac arrest.
  
 d. Caffeine. An element commonly found in coffee which prevents sleepiness.
  
 e.Nicotine. An element found in cigars and cigarettes which can relieve emotional
stress.
 4. Hallucinogens. Substances that produce subjective changes in perception, thought,
and feelings. Hallucinations may be mild or overwhelming, depending on dosage and
quality of drugs taken. Most of the psychological effects that hallucinogens have on a
user
 are normally associated only with dreams, schizophrenia, or religious exaltation.
  
 Examples:
 a. Lysergic Acid Diethylamide-25 or LSD. Discovered by a Swiss chemist Albert
Hoffman while studying the medicinal uses of a Tungus found on wheat and other
grains in 1938. LSD is a semi- synthetic psychedelic drug which has a long-term
psycho-emotional effects. It can distort one's perception of things around and a feeling
of stagnation.
  
 b. Marijuana. Often called grass is a weed known as Cannabis sativa, a plant that
contains a mind-altering (psychoactive) ingredient called tetrahydrocannabinol
(THC). Marijuana slows down mental and psychomotor capabilities, impairs thinking,
reading comprehension and verbal and mathematical skills. It could also cause some
other serious health risks related to reproductive system, heart, lungs and cancer.
Long-term regular use of marijuana may lead to psychological dependence. Once
started, it may take more of the drug for the user to get the same effect.
  
  
 c. Ecstacy. Also known in its street names like X, XTC, love drug, artist drug,
essence, E, hug drug, jagged little pill, flying saucer, LBD, Eckie and love doves. Its
chemical structure is similar to two other synthetic drugs, MDA and
methamphetamine which are known to cause brain damage. It is known to be the
cause of several deaths in the US and Europe. It exaggerates emotions, makes heart-
rate and blood pressure hike up.
  
 5. Inhalants. Volatile chemical substances, which are not always classified as drug,
which contain mind or mood-altering chemical elements. They are breathed in and
absorbed through the lungs for an intoxicating effect which can cause permanent
damage to the brain and even death while in the state of sniffing the substance.
Inhalant abusers are prone to accidents like vehicular accidents, drowning, and
falling from elevated structures.
  
 Examples:
  
 a. Solvent Cement
  
 b. Contact Cement
  
 c. Acetone
 EFFECTS OF DRUG ABUSE TO AN INDIVIDUAL
 
 1. Malnutrition. The lives of drug dependents revolve around drug abuse miss their
regular meals because they lose their appetite.
  
 2. Panic Reaction. The loss of thought processes can cause can cause panic reactions or
feelings of vulnerability. Both of these states can lead to injury a death. The prolonged
harmful reactions include anxiety and depressive states or breaks with reality which may
last from a few days to months.
  
 3. Physical Damages. In addition to those diseases which accompany the use of unsterile
syringes and contaminated drugs, drug abuse may cause certain medical problems. Liver
and kidney damage may result when large quantities are taken. Many who abuse drugs
also neglect personal hygiene, which can lead to multiple health problems. Kidney
failure, hepatitis, drastic weight loss, and vitamin deficiencies are some of the adverse
physical complications.
  
 The life of drug abusers is a dreadful one. To support the habit, they resort to committing
crimes like stealing, prostitution and gambling, which hamper their emotional maturation.
  
  
 SECTION THREE: DRUG PREVENTION MEASURES GOVERNMENT RESPONSIBILITIES
 

 1. There must be a clear cut anti-drug policy and make sure

that these policies are being observed and laws strictly
enforced.
  
  
 2. Government must provide adequate programs and facilities
for the total development especially of young individuals.
  
 3. Implement or encourage programs that will help strengthen
the moral fiber of the society.
  
 PARENTAL RESPONSIBILITIES

 1. Have time for the children.

  
 2. Help young individuals gain self-confidence.
  
 3. Encourage the children to participate in socially, emotion,
physically, mentally and spiritually enriching ac in the community.
  
 4. Encourage the children to plan for a sound future.
  
 5. Help them to appreciate the value of good health and healthy
lifestyle.
  
 INDIVIDUAL'S RESPONSIBILITIES

 1. Learn to say NO even when the one offering is your close friend or
relative.
  
 2. Learn how to deal with negative feelings and emotions.
  
 3. Talk to someone who can be trusted if you need advice for your problems.
  
 4: Learn to socialize.
  
 5. Enhance your special talents and explore for new interests and hobbies.
  
  
 The Four PILLARS OF ACTION AGAINST
ILLEGAL DRUGS

 The Government's national anti-drug strategy involves four pillars of action,

patterned after that of the ASEAN + China Cooperative Operations in Response
to Dangerous Drugs (ACCORD).
  
 1. Supply Reduction. The objective of supply reduction is to take away the drugs
from the person through market denial operations and prevention of diversion of
these drugs to the illicit markets. Supply reduction efforts take the form of law
enforcement, the regulatory compliance, and institution of judicial and legislative
measures.
  
 2. Demand Reduction. It is geared towards reducing the consumer's demand for
drugs and other substances. This is done through programs on Preventive
Education, Treatment and Rehabilitation, and Research. Programs are either
school-based, community-based, or both school and community-based.
  
 3. Alternative Development. It aims to reduce the
production of marijuana and eventually eliminate its
cultivation through sustainable rural development and
alternative livelihood programs and other socio-
economic programs.
  
 4. Civic Awareness. The promotion of Civic
Awareness is done through the use of a public
communication strategy that utilizes the tri-media in
conveying anti-drug abuse messages and through the
conduct of community outreach programs that also
deal on the evils of drug abuse and the legal
consequences of being involved in illegal drugs.
  
PROHIBITED ACTS AS PROVIDED IN COMPREHENSIVE DANGEROUS DRUGS LAW (R.A.91657)

PROHIBITED ACTS PUNISHMENTS

Use of illegal drugs First offense - 6 months or more in the
rehabilitation center.
Second offense and beyond - imprisonment
of 6 years and 1 day to 12 years and a
fine of P 50,000 to P 200,000

Possession of illegal drugs Life imprisonment or death penalty and

F 500,000 to P10,000,000 fine

Possession of instruments and other drug paraphernalia 6 months and 1 day to 4 years imprisonment and pay 10,000 to
50,000 fines

Manufacturing of illegal drugs or chemicals Life imprisonment or death penalty and $100,000 to P 500,000 fine
used as raw materials

Selling or distribution of instruments or chemicals used in the 12 years and 1 day to 20 years imprisonment and P100,000 to P
manufacture of illegal drugs. 500,000 fine

Selling or distribution of illegal drugs or any chemicals used in Life imprisonment or death penalty and
the manufacture of illegal drugs. or selling of illegal drugs
P 500,000 or + 10,000,000 fine

Maintaining a place used in drugs sessions or selling of illegal Life imprisonment or death penalty and
drugs or selling of illegal drugs
P 500,000 or + 10,000,000 fine
 ENVIRONMENT AND SOLID
WASTE MANAGEMENT
 GENERAL OBJECTIVES
  
 1.The students should be able to gain important knowledge on the various aspects
of the
 physical environment.
  
 2. The students should be able to identify the causes and effects of environmental

 problems.
  
 3. The students should be able to present and put into practice ways of
combating.
  
  
 CONTENTS
 The Physical Environment
  
 Air and Climate Change
  
 Water Resources
  
 Solid Waste Management
  
 LET'S TALK
  
 1. Why are some people so concerned with keeping crocodiles from
extinction?
  
 2. Do you agree that rich countries must take the most responsibilities
for the problems
 on climate change?
  
  
  
  
 SECTION ONE: THE PHYSICAL
ENVIRONMENT

  
 Maintaining a balanced environment is essential
to the continuance of life. When we destroy or
allow the destruction of the environment, we
contribute to the destruction of all life forms here
on earth.
  
 THE CONCEPT OF ENVIRONMENT
 

 1. Environment refers to everything environmental problems that

surrounds us. It includes the natural world as well as the things
produced by humans.
  
 2. Ecology is the study of how living things interact and depend on
each other.
  
 3. Ecosystem pertains to the symbiotic relationship between organisms
and species within one particular area in which each depends on each
other in order to support the continuance of life. It is composed of the
living and non-living components. Ecosystems are found in the various
sections of the natural environment which include: forests, deserts,
grasslands, freshwater, marine areas, and even caves.
 4. Biodiversity refers to the number of species of plants and animals
in a given community. The variety of species existing within different
ecosystems provide protection and stability to the environment.
  
 5.Energy flow pertains to the process involving the transfer of energy
from one source to another. Living organisms need nourishment from
different sources like sunlight, food and water in order to have enough
energy to stay in existence and perform their basic natural functions.
Plants are generally considered as producer since they produce food
for other organisms. Animals are generally considered as consumers.
  
 6. Succession is a regular pattern of changes over
time in the types of species in a certain ecosystem.
The process of change may take hundreds or
thousands of years. Various factors may cause the
process of succession like reduction or loss of the
sources of nourishment and destruction of the
natural habitat. The final or stable community that is
 left undisturbed is called the climax community.
  
 Classification of Consumers

 a. Herbivores. Consumers that feed only on plants

 b. Carnivores. Consumers that feed only on meats
from other animals
 c. Omnivores. Consumers that cat both plants and
meat from animals
 d. Decomposers. Consumers that get their food by
breaking down dead organisms and provide
nourishment to plants.
  
 LEVELS OF ORGANIZATION WITHIN AN
ECOSYSTEM

 1. Organism. Individual living thing

 2. Species. Group of organisms that are able to
reproduce together, sharing common
 genes and therefore resemble each other
 3. Population. Group of individuals of the same
species living in a particular place
 4. Community. Group of interacting populations of
different species
  
 INTERACTION OF ORGANISM IN AN
ECOSYSTEM

 1. Predation. One organism kills and cats another organism. The

organism that is eaten is called the prey and the other is called the
predator.
 2. Competition. Two or more species attempt to use the same limited
resources.
 3. Parasitism. Feeding on another organism without immediately
killing it. The parasite takes its nourishment from another organism
known as the host.
 4. Mutualism. There is a cooperative partnership between two species
where both are equally benefitted.
 5. Commensalism. A relationship in which one species benefits and the
other is neither harmed nor helped.
  
 WAYS OF ADAPTING TO THE
ENVIRONMENT

 1. Evolution by Natural Selection. The lost or acquisition

of a particular trait including changes in the genetic
characteristics due primarily to the changes in the
environment and unequal survival or reproduction of
certain species.
 2. Co-evolution. Two or more species evolve in response
to each other.
 3. Extinction. The irreversible disappearance of a
population or species due mostly to the destruction of
natural habitat and the loss of sources of nourishment.
  
  
SECTION TWO: AIR AND CLIMATE CHANGE

 Air is a combination of invisible and odorless gases that we

breathe in order to live. Air also helps regulate temperature in
the environment. Since air is important to all life forms,
therefore keeping it clean is essential to the preservation of life.
  
 Air is considered polluted when it becomes contaminated with
substance harmful to living organisms. Air pollution is one of
the major environmental issues which have been drawing
attention from different individuals, organizations and even
governments around the world.
  
 GENERAL CLASSIFICATIONS OF
SOURCES OF AIR POLLUTANTS
(PHILIPPINE CLEAN AIR ACT)
 1. Mobile source. Includes sources that move from place to
place,
 carrying with them pollutants that affect any area they pass by.
Common
 examples of this are motor vehicles that run through fossil fuels.
  
 2. Stationary source. Pertains to the sources of harmful
contaminants which are stationed in one place. Examples are
power plants and or factories which use chemicals and fossil
fuels in their operations which when burned release poisonous
substances into the air.
 3. Area source. Includes sources not mentioned above,
such as smoking, cooking, burning of garbage, dust from
construction and unpaved grounds and many more.
  
 The top five killer diseases in the Philippines are air
pollution-related. These diseases are heart, pulmonary and
cardiovascular diseases, tuberculosis and cancer.
According to some studies, 70% to 90% of these diseases
are caused by pollutions emitted by mobile sources.
  
 Pollutant Description Sources Effects
Carbon CO is an odorless, colorless, Cars, trucks, buses, small engines CO interferes with the blood’s
Monoxide (CO) poisonous gas. It is produced by and some industrial processes ability to carry oxygen, slowing
the incomplete burning of fossil reflexes and causing drowsiness.
fuels. In high concentrations, CO can
cause death. Headaches and stress
on the heart can result from
exposure to CO in cars stuck in
heavy traffic. If inhaled by a
pregnant woman, CO may
hamper the growth and
development of the fuels.
Nitrogen NOx is formed from nitrogen and NOx comes from burning fuels in NOx can make the body
Oxide (NOx) oxygen particles when vehicles, power plants and vulnerable to respiratory
combustion temperatures exceed industrial boilers. infections, lung disease and
538 (1000) possible cancer. NOx contributes
Nitrogen   NOx comes from burning fuels in to the brownish
NOx can make haze the
often body
seen
Oxide (NOx)   vehicles, power plants and over congested to
vulnerable areas and to acid
respiratory
industrial boilers. rain. NOx lung
infections, can cause
disease metal
and
corrosion and the
possible cancer. NOx fading and
contributes
deterioration
to of fabrics.
the brownish haze often seen
over congested areas and to acid
rain. NOx can cause metal
corrosion and the fading and
deterioration of fabrics.
NOx is formed from nitrogen and oxygen NOx comes from burning fuels in vehicles, NOx can make the body vulnerable to
particles when combustion temperatures power plants and industrial boilers. respiratory infections, lung disease and
exceed 538 (1000) possible cancer. NOx contributes to the
  brownish haze often seen over congested
  areas and to acid rain. NOx can cause metal
corrosion and the fading and deterioration
of fabrics.

SO is produced by chemical interactions SO comes largely from burning fossil fuels, SO contributes to acid rain, which damages the
between sulfur and oxygen. petroleum refineries, smelters, paper mills, rivers, lakes forests, metals and stones. Some
chemical plants and coal fired power plants. of the secondary pollutants that result from
reactions with SO can harm plant life and
irritate the respiratory systems of human and
animals.

VOCs are the organic chemicals that VOCs come from burning fuels and solvents, VOCs contribute to smog formation and can
vaporize readily, producing toxic fumes. paints and glues. cause serious health problems such as cancer.
Some examples are gasoline, benzene, They may also harm plants.
toluene and xylene.

Particulates consists of smoke, ash, soot, Particulates come from industrial processes and Particulates can form clouds that reduce
dust, lead and other particles from burning motor vehicles that burn fossil fuel, burning visibility and cause a variety of respiratory
fuels. wood, and dust from construction and problems. Particulates have been linked to
agriculture. cancer. They also corrode metals, erode
buildings and sculptures and soil fabrics.
 THE GREENHOUSE EFFECT
 The stratosphere contains the Earth's ozone layer. The ozone layer is
made up of three oxygen atoms. Ozone in the stratosphere absorb he
stratosphere absorbs most of the ultraviolet (UV) rays from the sun.
Ultraviolet rays are very harmful to living organisms because they
damage important biological molecules like the DNA. By shielding the
Earth's surface from most of the sun's ultraviolet radiation, the ozone in
the stratosphere acts like a sunscreen for the Earth and its inhabitants.
Greenhouse effect is a condition in which radiation from the sun freely
enters the earth's surface, causing adverse effect to the biosphere. The
ozone shield is supposed to filter UV rays and allow them to bounce back
out to the universe. But the presence of greenhouse gases in the
atmosphere is disrupting
 this natural order by trapping these harmful radiations, causing the
temperature on the earth's surface to rise up, resulting to global warming.
Common examples of greenhouse gases are: Carbon Dioxide (CO),
Nitrous Oxide (NO), Chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs), and Methane (CH).
  
 CLIMATE CHANGE
 For thousands of years, the temperature and the balance of
greenhouse gases have stayed just right for humans, animals
and plants to survive. Today, we are having problems keeping
this balance because we are releasing more greenhouse gases
into the atmosphere, such as carbon dioxide,
chlorofluorocarbons, methane, and nitrous oxide in significant
amounts.
  
 The Earth's climate has changed drastically in the past since
the prehistoric ice ages. Those changes, however, occurred
over hundreds or thousands of
 years while the present changes in the earth's climate are
taking place in a faster phase.
  
 EFFECTS OF GLOBAL WARMING
 1. Health problems which include hypertension
and heat stroke, skin cancer, respiratory
infections and eye problems
 2. More severe weather events, like droughts,
typhoon, very warm summer, soil erosions and
tornadoes
 3. Forest and grassland fires
 4. Damage to water sources
 5. Loss of balance in the ecosystem
 REDUCING THE Risk of GLOBAL WARMING
 1. Save electricity and turn to renewable sources of
energy.
 2. Minimize the use of papers and their by-products.
 3. Walk or bike for short-distance trips and take the
mass transport system
 for longer trips.
 4. Regularly maintain vehicle engines.
 5. Save the forests and promote green spaces.
 6. Avoid using products that contain chemicals
harmful to the atmosphere.
 THE PHILIPPINE CLEAN AIR ACT
OF 1999 (REPUBLIC ACT No. 8749)
 It is a law enacted by the government in response
to the growing call for
 measures necessary to counter the worsening
problems on air pollution. It
 provides for a comprehensive air pollution
control policy in the Philippines.
  
 GUIDING PRINCIPLES OF CLEAN AIR
ACT
 1. Protect and advance the right of people to a balanced and
healthful ecology.
 2. Promote and protect the global environment while
recognizing the primary responsibility of local government
units to deal with environmental problems.
 3. Recognize that the responsibility of cleaning the
environment is primarily area-based.
 4. Recognize that polluters must pay.
 5. Recognize that working towards a clean and healthy
environment is the
 concern of all.
  
SECTION THREE: WATER RESOURCES
 

 Water occupies three-fourth of the earth's surface. It is one

of essential resources needed in order to sustain life.
Humans use water for drinking, for food preparation and
for hygienic purposes. Declining sources of clean water has
now become a major cause of concern, especially for
residents in urban areas.
  
 Water systems located in or around the developed areas are
more prone to the destructive elements known as
pollutants. These pollutants come from different sources
such as households, industries, and other human activities.
  
 COMMON CAUSES OF
WATER POLLUTION
 1.Waste Discharges. Most studies conclude that
domestic waste-water is the principal cause of
pollution of the different water bodies.
Household and toilet wastes end up in bodies of
water such as rivers, lakes, streams and seas
through the drainage system. There must be
separate facilities to treat waste-water before
being dumped to the natural waterways.
  
 ORGANISATIONAL
 CHANGE AND STRESS
 MANAGEMENT
 LEARNING OBJECTIVES
 After studying this chapter, you will be able to:
 1. Managing organisational change
 2. Explain need for change
 3. Define stress management
 4. Discuss on consequences of stress
 INTRODUCTION

 Organisational change is about reviewing and

modifying management structures and business
processes. Small businesses must adapt to survive
against bigger competitors and grow. However,
success should not lead to complacency. To stay a
step ahead of the competition, companies need to
look for ways to do things more efficiently and cost
effectively. There is no need to fear change.
Instead, small businesses should embrace change as
a way to lay the foundations for enduring success.
 A company’s change drivers include the
competitive environment, new technologies,
consumer demand, economic conditions and
government policy actions. Information
 technologies have changed how businesses
operate and interact with one another. New
business models, such as outsourcing and virtual
collaboration, would not be possible without
high-speed communications and the Internet.
Government regulations also force businesses to
adapt, as do changing consumer preferences.
Recessions usually lead to layoffs, which may
require restructuring, and mergers and
acquisitions lead to changes in organisational
culture. Companies
 Companies that refuse to embrace change may disappear.
However, change is
 difficult because it involves modifying people’s behaviour.
Resistance may come from
 employees who are generally skeptical of change initiatives,
especially if they have
 lived through botched implementations in the past. Successful
organisational change
 requires top management leadership and a clear explanation
of how the contemplated
 changes can help employees do their jobs more efficiently.
 Artcan also be
used to show
meaning.
 Art is meaningful because
of the colors, shapes and
depictions it can create.
 Art can also be used
to liven up things in
this world.
Artis also a
great tool for
learning .
 Art
can show the
passage of time.
 Art
also acts as a
great thinking
agent.
Art connects
people around
the world.
 Although, art is not a language,
people do not need to know
anything about another language
and can draw ideas from what
they see. Everyone in the world
can make their own voice
heard. Everyone can see it.
How is ART
SEEN?
 Subject
 What is the work of
art about?
 Function

 What is it for ?
 Medium

 What it is made of?

 Elements and
Organization
 How is it put
together ?
 Style
 Whatis it’s mood ,
temper and
personality?
 Judgment

 Is it good?
 What is art ?
1. Human Need of art is important among
people .
2. The art must be appreciated .
3. There must be openness, willingness and
presence of work to experience art
personally.
4. Art is not nature. Nature is not art.
5. Analysis of work must be carefully done,
detailed and technical.
The Origin of Art
 Thediscrepancy
between physical fact
and the psychic fact.
The Content of Art
 visual formulation of
our reaction to life.
The Measure of Art

 The ratio of effort to

effect
The Aim of Art

 Revelation and
evocation of vision
 What is art ?
 Skill, dexterity, or the power of performing
certain actions, acquired by experience, study, or
observation; knack; as, a man has the art of
managing his business to advantage.
 The systematic application of knowledge or skill
in effecting a desired result. Also, an occupation
or business requiring such knowledge or skill.
 Skillful plan; device.
 Purpose of art
 Art has had a great number of different functions
throughout its history, making its purpose
difficult to abstract or quantify to any single
concept. This does not imply that the purpose of
Art is "vague", but that it has had many unique,
different, reasons for being created. Some of
these functions of Art are provided in the
following outline. The different purposes of art
may be grouped according to those that are non-
motivated, and those that are motivated (Levi-
Strauss).
 Non-motivated functions of art

 The non-motivated purposes of art

are those that are integral to being
human, transcend the individual, or
do not fulfill a specific external
purpose.
Basic human instinct for harmony, balance, rhythm.

"Imitation, then, is one instinct of our nature.

Next, there is the instinct for 'harmony' and
rhythm, meters being manifestly sections of
rhythm. Persons, therefore, starting with this
natural gift developed by degrees their special
aptitudes, till their rude improvisations gave
birth to Poetry.“ -Aristotle
Art at this level is not an action or an object, but
an internal appreciation of balance and harmony
(beauty), and therefore an aspect of being human
beyond utility.
Experience of the mysterious.

 "The most beautiful thing we can

experience is the mysterious. It is
the source of all true art and
science." -Albert Einstein
Art provides a way to experience one's self in relation to
the universe. This experience may often come
unmotivated, as one appreciates art, music or poetry.
 Expression of the imagination.
 Art provide a means to express the imagination in
non-grammatic ways that are not tied to the
formality of spoken or written language. Unlike
words, which come in sequences and each of
which have a definite meaning, art provides a
range of forms, symbols and ideas with meanings
that are malleable.
We are able to imagine through our thoughts and our
minds the things that we are bound to do in the future.
 Universal communication.
 Art allows the individual to express things
toward the world as a whole. Earth artists often
create art in remote locations that will never be
experienced by another person. The practice of
placing a cairn, or pile of stones at the top of a
mountain, is an example. (Note: This need not
suggest a particular view of God, or religion.) Art
created in this way is a form of communication
between the individual and the world as a whole.
 Ritualistic and symbolic
functions.
 In many cultures, art is used in rituals,
performances and dances as a decoration or
symbol. While these often have no specific
utilitarian (motivated) purpose, anthropologists
know that they often serve a purpose at the level
of meaning within a particular culture. This
meaning is not furnished by any one individual,
but is often the result of many generations of
change, and of a cosmological relationship within
the culture.
 "Most scholars who deal with rock paintings or
objects recovered from prehistoric contexts that
cannot be explained in utilitarian terms and are
thus categorized as decorative, ritual or symbolic,
are aware of the trap posed by the term 'art'."
-Silva Tomaskova
 Motivated functions
of art

 Motivated purposes of art refer to intentional,

conscious actions on the part of the artists or
creator. These may be to bring about political
change, to comment on an aspect of society, to
convey a specific emotion or mood, to address
personal psychology, to illustrate another
discipline, to (with commercial arts) to sell a
product, or simply as a form of communication.
 Communication.
 Art, at its simplest, is a form of communication.
As most forms of communication have an intent
or goal directed toward another individual, this is
a motivated purpose. Illustrative arts, such as
scientific illustration, are a form of art as
communication. Maps are another example.
However, the content need not be scientific.
Emotions, moods and feelings are also
communicated through art.
 "[Art
is a set of] artifacts
or images with symbolic
meanings as a means of
communication."
-Steve Mithen-
Art as entertainment.
 Art may seek to bring about a
particular emotion or mood, for the
purpose of relaxing or entertaining
the viewer. This is often the function
of the art industries of Motion
Pictures and Video Games.
 The Avante-Garde. Art for
political change.
 One of the defining functions of early twentieth
century art has been to use visual images to bring
about political change. Art movements that had
this goal—Dadaism, Surrealism, Russian
Constructivism, and Abstract Expressionism,
among others—are collectively referred to as the
avante-garde arts.
 "By contrast, the realistic attitude, inspired by
positivism, from Saint Thomas Aquinas to Anatole
France, clearly seems to me to be hostile to any
intellectual or moral advancement. I loathe it, for it
is made up of mediocrity, hate, and dull conceit. It
is this attitude which today gives birth to these
ridiculous books, these insulting plays. It constantly
feeds on and derives strength from the newspapers
and stultifies both science and art by assiduously
flattering the lowest of tastes; clarity bordering on
stupidity, a dog's life.“
-André Breton (Surrealism)
 Art for psychological and healing
purposes.
 Art is also used by art therapists, psychotherapists and
clinical psychologists as art therapy. The
Diagnostic Drawing Series, for example, is used to
determine the personality and emotional functioning of
a patient. The end product is not the principal goal in
this case, but rather a process of healing, through
creative acts, is sought. The resultant piece of artwork
may also offer insight into the troubles experienced by
the subject and may suggest suitable approaches to be
used in more conventional forms of psychiatric therapy.
 Art for social inquiry, subversion
and/or anarchy.
 While similar to art for political change,
subversive or deconstructivist art may seek to
question aspects of society without any specific
political goal. In this case, the function of art may
be simply to criticize some aspect of society.
 Art for propaganda, or
commercialism.
 Art is often utilized as a form of propaganda, and
thus can be used to subtly influence popular
conceptions or mood. In a similar way, art that
tries to sell a product also influences mood and
emotion. In both cases, the purpose of art here is
to subtly manipulate the viewer into a particular
emotional or psychological response toward a
particular idea or object.
 Activity
Explain the various Art
quotations.
 ART
Quotations
 There is one thing one has to
have: either a soul that is cheerful
by nature, or a soul made
cheerful by work, love, art and
knowledge.

Friedrich Nietzsche
 "The safest way to avoid the
world is through art; and the
safest way to be linked to the
world is through art."
Randall Jarrell
 Art without color
would lose much of its
purpose.
Andrew Loomis
Principles of Design
Design makes creative arts
understandable to others. The
elements as learned previously
(above) have to be put together in
such a way that artist’s intentions
become comprehensive to viewers
of the artwork, based on condition of
order that are percieved by the
human mind. The major principles
of design are:
 
Unity- the work must be
understandable as a coherent unit. The
audience must be able to tell what is the
work and what is unrelated environment.
Variety- the work must have enough
variability to sustain the viewer’s
attention. The human eye moves
constantly and is attracted by contrasts, so
the work must appeal to the eye’s need for
change.
Balance- the parts of the work
must be in equilibrium. Since we
observers are balancing ourselves
againts gravity, we identify with
things in our enviroment which do
the same. While we enjoy things
that are precariously balanced, we
will not look long at things that are
disturbingly unstable.
Rythm- there must be an orderly
pattern of movement through the
work for our eyes, or in the case of
city plans and buildings, for our
bodies. Order is given to
movement by rythm, which is
repetition according to a rule
Emphasis- Relationships among
the parts of a composition reflect
their relative power or
significance. One part maybe
emphasized by a design which
draws the observer’s attention to
that part, or the design may give
equality to all parts.
Proportion- the parts must be related
according to a plan based on the
artist’s intentions. Proportions are
affected by function and by meaning,
the height of a chair is proportioned
to the size of the people who will use
it, and the size of the hands in a
painting of a person depends on their
importance to the meaning.
 
The Medium of Music
Music is an auditory art that uses
sound as its material. There are
two basic medium used in music,
the instrumental and vocal
medium.
Musical instruments are bowed, blown, or
stuck. This brings the traditional grouping
of instruments to four. The strings which
are bowed, those that are blown as the
‘brasses” and the woodwinds, and the
percussion which consist of instrument
that are struck. Keyboard instrument are
thus classified because it has, of course,
keyboards. Each group is often referred to
as family or choir.
Stringed Instruments- The
vibrator is the string itself made of
gut or wire, a hallow sound box act
as the resonator since the sound of
the vibrating string is too small to
be heard.
Violin – the smallest and which
has the highest pitch.
Viola – a little larger, longer, has
thicker and heavier strings than the
violin.
Cello – rests on the floor when
being played and is much longer
than the viola.
Double Bass – is the largest among the
string family, and has the lowest pitch.
The guitar is considered as the most
popular stringed instrument and is used
for the popular and folk songs, even for
solo instrument concerts.
The harp is another stringed instrument
that has its string stretched vertically on
an triangular frame.
Other instruments are the ukulele, the
lute, the mandolin and banjo.
Percussion Instruments. These
instruments are sounded by
shaking, striking or scratching with
hands or other objects.