Define the term

Azeotropes
By:
Caragay, Aivan Florenz
De Luna, Romar N.
Gliane, Gerald
Reyes, Jofer
AZEOTROPES
AZEOTROPES
 AZEOTROPES
• The term Azeotrope is derived by combining the prefix " α"
meaning "no" ,and the Greek words (ζέειν) for boiling and
(τρόπος ) for turning and give the overall meaning, "no
change on boiling". The word was first used in a publication
by English chemists John Wade (1864–1912) and Richard
William Merriman in 1911.
 AZEOTROPES
• The term Azeotrope is derived by combining the prefix " α"
meaning "no" ,and the Greek words (ζέειν) for boiling and
(τρόπος ) for turning and give the overall meaning, "no
change on boiling". The word was first used in a publication
by English chemists John Wade (1864–1912) and Richard
William Merriman in 1911.
• An azeotrope is a mixture of liquids that maintains its
composition and boiling point during distillation. It is also
known as an azeotropic mixture or constant boiling point
mixture. Azeotrope occurs when a mixture is boiled to
produce a vapor that has the same composition as the
liquid.
Types of Azeotropes
 Types of Azeotropes
Azeotropes may be categorized according to their number of constituents,
miscibility, or boiling points:
Types of Azeotropes
Azeotropes may be categorized according to their number of constituents,
miscibility, or boiling points:
Types of Azeotropes
Azeotropes may be categorized according to their number of constituents,
miscibility, or boiling points:

NUMBER
OF
CONSTITUENTS
Types of Azeotropes
Azeotropes may be categorized according to their number of constituents,
miscibility, or boiling points:

NUMBER HETEROGENEOUS
OF OR
CONSTITUENTS HOMOGENEOUS
Types of Azeotropes
Azeotropes may be categorized according to their number of constituents,
miscibility, or boiling points:

NUMBER HETEROGENEOUS POSITIVE

OF OR OR
CONSTITUENTS HOMOGENEOUS NEGATIVE
Types of Azeotropes
Azeotropes may be categorized according to their number of constituents,
miscibility, or boiling points:

NUMBER OF
CONSTITUENTS
Types of Azeotropes
Azeotropes may be categorized according to their number of constituents,
miscibility, or boiling points:

NUMBER
OF
CONSTITUENTS
Types of Azeotropes
Azeotropes may be categorized according to their number of constituents,
miscibility, or boiling points:

NUMBER An azeotrope
OF consists of two
CONSTITUENTS liquids, it is known
as a binary
azeotrope. An
azeotrope
consisting of three
liquids is a ternary
azeotrope. There
are also azeotropes
made of more than
three constituents.
Types of Azeotropes
Azeotropes may be categorized according to their number of constituents,
miscibility, or boiling points:

NUMBER
OF
CONSTITUENTS

An azeotrope
consists of two
liquids, it is known
as a binary
azeotrope. An
azeotrope
consisting of three
liquids is a ternary
azeotrope. There
are also azeotropes
made of more than
three constituents.
Types of Azeotropes
Azeotropes may be categorized according to their number of constituents,
miscibility, or boiling points:

NUMBER
OF
CONSTITUENTS

An azeotrope
consists of two
liquids, it is known
as a binary
azeotrope. An
azeotrope
consisting of three
liquids is a ternary
azeotrope. There
are also azeotropes
made of more than
three constituents.
Types of Azeotropes
Azeotropes may be categorized according to their number of constituents,
miscibility, or boiling points:

NUMBER
OF
CONSTITUENTS

An azeotrope
consists of two
liquids, it is known
as a binary
azeotrope. An
azeotrope
consisting of three
liquids is a ternary
For example(Binary Azeotrope):
azeotrope. There
Benzene and hexafluoro benzene form a double
are also azeotropes
binary azeotrope.
made of more than
three constituents.
Types of Azeotropes
Azeotropes may be categorized according to their number of constituents,
miscibility, or boiling points:

NUMBER
OF
CONSTITUENTS

An azeotrope
consists of two
liquids, it is known
as a binary
azeotrope. An
azeotrope
consisting of three
liquids is a ternary
azeotrope. There
For example(Ternary Azeotrope):
are also azeotropes
Acetone / methanol / chloroform
made of more than
three constituents.
Types of Azeotropes
Azeotropes may be categorized according to their number of constituents,
miscibility, or boiling points:

HETEROGENEOUS
OR
HOMOGENEOUS
Types of Azeotropes
Azeotropes may be categorized according to their number of constituents,
miscibility, or boiling points:

HOMOGENEOUS
Types of Azeotropes
Azeotropes may be categorized according to their number of constituents,
miscibility, or boiling points:

HOMOGENEOUS
Homogeneous
azeotropes
consist of
liquids that are
miscible. They
form a solution.
Types of Azeotropes
Azeotropes may be categorized according to their number of constituents,
miscibility, or boiling points:

HOMOGENEOUS

Homogeneous
azeotropes consist
of liquids that are
miscible. They
form a solution.
Types of Azeotropes
Azeotropes may be categorized according to their number of constituents,
miscibility, or boiling points:

HOMOGENEOUS

Homogeneous
azeotropes consist
of liquids that are
miscible. They
form a solution.
Types of Azeotropes
Azeotropes may be categorized according to their number of constituents,
miscibility, or boiling points:

HOMOGENEOUS

Homogeneous
azeotropes consist
of liquids that are
miscible. They
form a solution.

For example:
Any amount of ethanol can be mixed with any
amount of water to form homogeneous solution.
Types of Azeotropes
Azeotropes may be categorized according to their number of constituents,
miscibility, or boiling points:

HETEROGENEOUS
Types of Azeotropes
Azeotropes may be categorized according to their number of constituents,
miscibility, or boiling points:

HETEROGENEOUS Heterogeneous
azeotropes or
heteroazeotrope
are incompletely
miscible and form
two liquid phases.
Types of Azeotropes
Azeotropes may be categorized according to their number of constituents,
miscibility, or boiling points:

HETEROGENEOUS

Heterogeneous
azeotropes or
heteroazeotrope
are incompletely
miscible and form
two liquid phases.
Types of Azeotropes
Azeotropes may be categorized according to their number of constituents,
miscibility, or boiling points:

HETEROGENEOUS

Heterogeneous
azeotropes or
heteroazeotrope
are incompletely
miscible and form
two liquid phases.
Types of Azeotropes
Azeotropes may be categorized according to their number of constituents,
miscibility, or boiling points:

HETEROGENEOUS

Heterogeneous
azeotropes or
heteroazeotrope
are incompletely
miscible and form
two liquid phases.

For example:
Acetone / methanol / chloroform form an
intermediate boiling (saddle) azeotrope.
Types of Azeotropes
Azeotropes may be categorized according to their number of constituents,
miscibility, or boiling points:

POSITIVE
OR
NEGATIVE
Types of Azeotropes
Azeotropes may be categorized according to their number of constituents,
miscibility, or boiling points:

POSITIVE
Types of Azeotropes
Azeotropes may be categorized according to their number of constituents,
miscibility, or boiling points:

POSITIVE A positive
azeotrope or
minimum-boiling
azeotrope forms
when the boiling
point of the
mixture is lower
than that of any of
its constituents.
Types of Azeotropes
Azeotropes may be categorized according to their number of constituents,
miscibility, or boiling points:

POSITIVE

A positive
azeotrope or
minimum-boiling
azeotrope forms
when the boiling
point of the
mixture is lower
than that of any of
its constituents.
Types of Azeotropes
Azeotropes may be categorized according to their number of constituents,
miscibility, or boiling points:

POSITIVE

A positive
azeotrope or
minimum-boiling
azeotrope forms
when the boiling
point of the
mixture is lower
than that of any of
its constituents.
Types of Azeotropes
Azeotropes may be categorized according to their number of constituents,
miscibility, or boiling points:

NEGATIVE
Types of Azeotropes
Azeotropes may be categorized according to their number of constituents,
miscibility, or boiling points:

NEGATIVE A negative
azeotrope or
maximum-boiling
azeotrope forms
when the boiling
point of the
mixture is higher
than that of any of
its constituents.
Types of Azeotropes
Azeotropes may be categorized according to their number of constituents,
miscibility, or boiling points:

NEGATIVE

A negative
azeotrope or
maximum-boiling
azeotrope forms
when the boiling
point of the
mixture is higher
than that of any of
its constituents.
Types of Azeotropes
Azeotropes may be categorized according to their number of constituents,
miscibility, or boiling points:

NEGATIVE

A negative
azeotrope or
maximum-boiling
azeotrope forms
when the boiling
point of the
mixture is higher
than that of any of
its constituents.
Azeotropes Separation
Azeotropes Separation
Since fractional distillation cannot be used to separate components of an
azeotrope, other methods must be employed:
Azeotropes Separation
Since fractional distillation cannot be used to separate components of an
azeotrope, other methods must be employed:
Azeotropes Separation
Since fractional distillation cannot be used to separate components of an
azeotrope, other methods must be employed:

• Pressure swing distillation applies pressure changes to

change the composition of a mixture to enrich the
distillate with the desired component.
Azeotropes Separation
Since fractional distillation cannot be used to separate components of an
azeotrope, other methods must be employed:

• Pressure swing distillation applies pressure changes to change the composition

of a mixture to enrich the distillate with the desired component.
Azeotropes Separation
Since fractional distillation cannot be used to separate components of an
azeotrope, other methods must be employed:

• Pressure swing distillation applies pressure changes to change the composition of

a mixture to enrich the distillate with the desired component.
Azeotropes Separation
Since fractional distillation cannot be used to separate components of an
azeotrope, other methods must be employed:

• Pressure swing distillation applies pressure changes to change the composition of a mixture to enrich the
distillate with the desired component.
Azeotropes Separation
Since fractional distillation cannot be used to separate components of an
azeotrope, other methods must be employed:

• Pressure swing distillation applies pressure changes to change the composition of a mixture to enrich the
distillate with the desired component.

• Other methods of separation involve introducing an

additional agent, called an entrainer, that will affect
the volatility of one of the azeotrope constituents
more than another. When an entrainer is added to a
binary azeotrope to form a ternary azeotrope, and
the resulting mixture distilled, the method is called
azeotropic distillation.
Azeotropes Separation
Since fractional distillation cannot be used to separate components of an
azeotrope, other methods must be employed:

• Pressure swing distillation applies pressure changes to change the composition of a mixture to enrich the
distillate with the desired component.
• Other methods of separation involve introducing an additional agent, called an entrainer, that will affect
the volatility of one of the azeotrope constituents more than another. When an entrainer is added to a
binary azeotrope to form a ternary azeotrope, and the resulting mixture distilled, the method is called
azeotropic distillation.
Azeotropes Separation
Since fractional distillation cannot be used to separate components of an
azeotrope, other methods must be employed:

• Pressure swing distillation applies pressure changes to change the composition of a mixture to enrich the
distillate with the desired component.
• Other methods of separation involve introducing an additional agent, called an entrainer, that will affect
the volatility of one of the azeotrope constituents more than another. When an entrainer is added to a
binary azeotrope to form a ternary azeotrope, and the resulting mixture distilled, the method is called
azeotropic distillation.

• Pervaporation involves separating components using

a membrane that is more permeable to one
constituent than the other. Vapor permeation is a
related technique, using a membrane more
permeable to the vapor phase of one component
than another.
Azeotropes Separation
Since fractional distillation cannot be used to separate components of an
azeotrope, other methods must be employed:

• Pressure swing distillation applies pressure changes to change the composition of a mixture to enrich the
distillate with the desired component.
• Other methods of separation involve introducing an additional agent, called an entrainer, that will affect
the volatility of one of the azeotrope constituents more than another. When an entrainer is added to a
binary azeotrope to form a ternary azeotrope, and the resulting mixture distilled, the method is called
azeotropic distillation.
• Pervaporation involves separating components using a membrane that is more permeable to one
constituent than the other. Vapor permeation is a related technique, using a membrane more permeable
to the vapor phase of one component than another.
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