Objectives • Learn what are loops • Learn how loops are executed in Flowcharting • Use looping mechanisms in PHP Overview • Programmers use the repetition structure, referred to more simply as a loop, when they need the computer to repeatedly process one or more program instructions. • The loop contains a condition that controls whether the instructions are repeated. • It can either specify the requirement for repeating the instructions or specify the requirement for not repeating them. The requirement for repeating the instructions is referred to as the looping condition because it indicates when the computer should continue “looping” through the instructions. • The requirement for not repeating the instructions is referred to as the loop exit condition because it tells the computer when to exit (or stop) the loop. • Every looping condition has an opposing loop exit condition; one is the opposite of the other. Loops • indicates that one or more instructions need to be repeated until some condition is met • Loops through a code block a specified number of time Examples Illustration 1.repeat (3 times) walk forward one complete step end repeat 2. turn left 90 degrees 3. repeat (2 times) walk forward one complete step end repeat 4. turn right 90 degrees. 5. repeat (2 times) walk forward one complete step end repeat 6. turn right 90 degrees 7. walk forward one complete step 8. turn right 90 degrees 9. repeat (4 times) walk forward one complete step end repeat 10. turn right 90 degrees 11. sit down 1. Which control structures are used in the algorithm? 2. What will the algorithm print when the price of the TV is $2,100? 3. How would you modify the algorithm so that it can be used for only the first 10 customers buying a TV? 4. How would you modify the algorithm so that it allows the user to also enter the discount rate and then uses that rate to calculate the discount Using a Pretest Loop to Solve a Real-World Problem Using Counters and Accumulators • Some algorithms require you to calculate a subtotal, a total, or an average. You make these calculations using a repetition structure that includes a counter, an accumulator, or both. • A counter is a numeric variable used for counting something, such as the number of employees paid in a week. • An accumulator is a numeric variable used for accumulating (adding together) something, such as the total dollar amount of a week’s payroll. Two tasks are associated with counters and accumulators • Initializing means to assign a beginning value to the counter or accumulator. Typically, counters and accumulators are initialized to the number 0. However, they can be initialized to any number, depending on the value required by the algorithm. The initialization task is performed before the loop is processed because it needs to be performed only once. • $ctr=0; Two tasks are associated with counters and accumulators • Updating refers to the process of either adding a number to (called incrementing) or subtracting a number from (called decrementing) the value stored in the counter or accumulator. The number can be either positive or negative, integer or noninteger. A counter is always updated by a constant value—typically the number 1. An accumulator, on the other hand, is usually updated by a value that varies. Accumulators are normally updated by incrementing rather than by decrementing. The assignment statement that updates a counter or an accumulator is placed in the body of a loop because the update task must be performed each time the loop body instructions are processed. • $ctr=$ctr + 1; More Examples Loops in PHP There are three things needed in order for the loop to work.
1. Initialization – this is where a variable is declared to start
the loop counter. - This is $x = 1 in our example. - This mean that the $x is the initializer and it is set to start at 1 2. Condition – This is the second part of the loop where we check if the loop counter still matches a condition. When it returns false, the loop stops execution of the code block. -Our condition in the example below is $x <= 5 3. Increment – When the loop ends, this part of the code is executed once and then the loop repeats. -This is where we can do some operations to the loop counter. -In our case we increase the value of $x by one with $x++ Which is the initialization, the condition and the increment? While loop Summary • The for… loop is used to execute a block of a specified number of times • While… loop is used to execute a block of code as long as the set condition is made to be false • The do… while loop is used to execute the block of code at least once then the rest of the execution is dependent on the evaluation of the set condition Hands-on Activity • PHP Loops @ https://www.w3schools.com/php/php_looping.asp PHP while Loop @ https://www.w3schools.com/php/php_looping_while.asp PHP do while Loop @ https://www.w3schools.com/php/php_looping_do_while.asp PHP for Loop @ https://www.w3schools.com/php/php_looping_for.asp PHP Break and Continue @ https://www.w3schools.com/php/php_looping_break.asp Flowcharting Create a flowchart that displays the weekly gross pay for any number of employees. The user will input the number of hours the employee worked and the employee’s hourly rate. Employees working more than 40 hours receive time and one-half for the hours worked over 40.
Note: Save work as SurnameFnameFLab_5.8.1 and turn in to Google Classroom Programming • Create a program that displays a multiplication table similar to the one shown below.
Note:
Save work as SurnameFnameFLab_5.8.2 and
turn in to Google Classroom References • Zak, Diane. An Introduction to Programming • PHP Loops retrieved from https://www.w3schools.com/php/php_looping.asp • PHP Loop: For, ForEach, While, Do While [Example] retrieved from https://www.guru99.com/php-loop.html