Meeting

III

Theory of Childhood
By:
Tiara Widyaiswara, M.Hum

Faculty of Teacher Training and Education

Islamic University of Lamongan
Theory of Learning Development

The major theorist in developmental psychology are:

Piaget Bruner
Vygotsky
Jean Piaget (1896-1980)
• Cognitive development theory
• Children grow trough representation the
“recurrent regularities” in their environment
• Through directly objects and the surrounding
environment
 Piaget’s stages of development:

Sensory
• Since born to two years old
motor

• Two years to eight years old

Pre
operational

Concrete
• eight years to eleven years old
Operational

• eleven years to fifteen years old

Formal
Sensory-motor intelligence stage

Motoric children's behavior. Children do not

really understand the things that happen.
They can’t create a concept
Pre- operational Stage

Language and conceptual development.

Concrete Operational Stage

The ability to be able to apply thinking
logically to concrete problems.
Formal Stage
Children create a reason by thinking logically
to all kinds of problems, include abstract things
or concepts.
Lev Vigotsky

Social Interaction (sociocultural theory)

Language and learning development occur in a
social context trough people who contact to
child

Zone of Proximal
Development (ZPD)
JEROME SEYMOUR BRUNER
Bruner’s Mode of Representation
The way information or knowledge are stored and encoded in memory

Enactive Representation

Iconic Representation

Symbolic Representation
JEROME SEYMOUR BRUNER
Discovery Learning
Constructivism approach
The students construct their own knowledge for themselves.
The role of teacher should not be a teach information by rote
learning but to be a facilitator the learning process
Scaffolding

Involves helpful, structured interaction between an adult and a

child with the aim helping the child achieve a specific goal.

Scaffolding refers to the steps taken to reduce the degree

of freedom in carrying out some task so that the child can
Concentrate on the difficult skill she is the process of acquiring
(Bruner, 1978: 19)
How to create Scaffolding?
• Mnemonic device
• Give an example
• Remind the material
• Brief explanation
• Trough analogy