Referencing Techniques

What is Referencing?

Referencing is a system that helps to acknowledge

the sources of information that has been used in the
written message (i.e. letters, reports, proposals).

Absence of acknowledgement or citation would

result in plagiarism.
When to Reference?

Providing reference whenever the author of any

communication message:
 Quote, paraphrase or summarize someone

else’s ideas, theories or data.

 Use any graphic information you use.
Sources to be Referenced…

 Books or chapters in books

 Journal or newspaper articles

 Conference papers

 Films or television programs

 Personal communications such as emails, letters

 Electronic sources such as web pages, blogs, social

media, journal articles from online databases

Referencing Styles

 American Psychological Association (APA)

 Chicago Manual of Style

 Harvard Referencing Style

 Modern Language Association (MLA)

In-Text Citation
APA Style VS Harvard Method

APA Style Harvard Method

Only insert the page number Always insert the page
when using a direct quote. number where possible.

Example: …the result of this Example: …thus Cox

is a “technical super identity” (1966:52) refers to the
(Erikson, 1967, 20). modern urbanite as…
APA Style VS Harvard Method

 In-text references under both of these methods should

be ordered alphabetically.

Example:
The researchers (Bartlett, 1992:54; Brown, 1876:56;
James, 1998:45) refer to…
APA Referencing Style

Single Author
 Both APA and Harvard referencing methods use
author-date style of citation. The surname of the author
(excluding suffixes such as Jr.) and the year of
publication are inserted in the text. 
 If the name of the author appears as part of the
narrative, only the year of publication in parentheses
needs to be cited.
 Alternatively, both the name of the author and the year
are placed within a parenthesis.
Example: Single Author Citation

1. Meyer (2010) compared reaction times

2. In a recent study of reaction times (Meyer,

2010), …
Packaging is also important for playing a dominant
role to protect the product from eternal distractions,
affecting the quality and health safety of the food
product and It also plays a key role by protecting
packed food from loss while transportation, storage
and dispensing (Wyrwa and Barska, 2017; Jahre and
Hatteland, 2004). Rettie and Brewer (2000) state
that packaging of the product is considered as
primary communication and promotional tool for
any brand.
APA Referencing Style

Single Author
 Reference to more than one publication of the same
author in the same publication year.

Example:
In his later works, Johnson (1994b, p.56) argued…
Johnson (1994a, p.48) discussed the subject…
APA Referencing Style

Two Authors
 When a written source has two authors, always cite both
names every time the reference occurs in text.
 The surnames of the authors should be separated by
“and”, or “&”.
 Using “&” as a separator only if the names, and the
publication year are placed within parenthesis.  
Example: Two Authors Citation

1. as Gordon and Rourke (1966) explained in

their famous study…

2. …the exponential growth of the species is

caused by some nutrients native to this region
(Gordon & Rourke, 1966).
APA Referencing Style

More than Two Authors

 Citing all authors first time when the reference appears
in the body text of the document.
 For subsequent citations, include only the surname of
the first author followed by “et al.”.
 After “et al.”, using the year if it appears for the first
time in the document.
 For all subsequent citations, omit the year.  
Example: More than Two Authors Citation

1. Meyer, Anderson, Bohning, and Fratanna

(1973) found… First Citation

2. Meyer et al. (1973) found… Second Citation

3. Meyer et al. found... Subsequent Citation

APA Referencing Style

Exception
 If two references with the same year shorten to the same
form, cite the surnames of the first authors and of as
many of the subsequent authors as necessary to
distinguish the two references, followed by a comma and
“et al.”.
Example: Exception for Multiple Authors’
Citation

Reference for –
Bradley, Ramirez & Soo, 1994
Bradley, Soo, Ramirez, & Brown, 1994

Would appear as Bradley et al. (1994).

Example: Exception for Multiple Authors’
Citation

Reference for –
Bradley, Ramirez & Soo, 1994
Bradley, Soo, Ramirez, & Brown, 1994

Appropriate Style:
Bradley, Ramirez & Soo (1994)
Bradley, Soo, et al. (1994)
APA and Harvard Referencing Style

“Anonymous” Citation
 A written document is designated as “Anonymous” if
the author(s) name is not known.
 Citing in text the word Anonymous followed by a
comma and the date.

Example: the growth has reported to be stable

(Anonymous, 2010).  
APA and Harvard Referencing Style

“Anonymous” Citation
 In case of an article of a newspaper or a magazine in
which the author’s name is not available, we need to use
the title of the article.

Example:
A recent article (Brain Drain, 2006) stated that…
APA Referencing Style

Authors with Same Surname

 When two or more primary authors have the same
surname, include the first author’s initials in all text
citations, even if the year of publication differs.

Example:
B. Smith (1987) and P. Smith (1998) also found the
relationship between…
APA Referencing

Groups, or Institutions as Authors

 Corporations, associations, government agencies; etc
can have published document(s).
 The names of some group authors are spelled out in the
first citation and abbreviated thereafter.
 Familiar and readily understandable group names can
be abbreviated from the second and subsequent
citations.
Example: Citation of Group Authors

 (Bangladesh Bureau of Statistics, 2010)First Citation

 (BBS, 2010) Second, and subsequent Citation

 (National University of Singapore, 2009)

APA Referencing

Citation of Specific Parts of a Document

 Providing page, chapter, figure, table; etc at the
appropriate point in text in order to cite a specific part
of a source.
 Giving page numbers for quotations.
Example: Citing Specific Parts

1. (Berry, Seiders & Grewal, 2002, p.09)

2. (Bovee et al., 2011, chap. 3)

3. Rentz et al. (2011) suggest that “…short words

be chosen does not mean that all short words
are easy and long words are hard” (p. 28).
Reference List Citation
Abbreviations: Reference List

Appendix app.
Chapter ch.
Column col.
Editor (Editors) ed. (eds.)
Edition edn.
Number (Numbers) no. (nos.)
No date n.d.
No place, no publisher, no page n.p.
Page (Pages) p. (pp.)
Paragraph para.
Revised rev.
Supplement suppl.
Technical report tech. rep.
Volume (Volumes) vol. (vols.)
APA and Harvard Referencing Style

General Form for Periodicals

 Periodicals include items published on a regular basis
such as journals, magazines, scholarly newsletters; etc.

Author, A.A., Author, B.B., & Author, C.C. (1994). Title

of Article. Title of Periodical, xx, xxx-xxx.
Title of Article = Title of an academic article or publication
Title of Periodical = Title of a Journal, Magazine; etc.
xx = Volume of the journal, magazine; etc.
xxx-xxx = Page numbers (from-to)
APA and Harvard Referencing Style

General Form for Non-Periodicals

 Non-periodicals include items published separately
such as books, reports, brochures, manuals, and
audiovisual media.

Author, A.A. (1994). Title of work. Location:

Publisher.
Title of Work = Title of a book, report, manual; etc.
Location = Location of the Publisher.
Publisher = The name of the Publisher.
 APA Style VS Harvard Method

 Part of a Non-periodical.

APA Style Harvard Method

Author, A. A., Author, B. B. (1994). Title Author, A.A. & Author, B.B. (1994).
of chapter. In A. Editor, B. Editor, & C. Title of chapter. In Title of book. Edited
Editor (Eds.), Title of book (pp. xxx- by Editor, A., Editor, B. & Editor, C.
xxxx). Location: Publisher. Location: Publisher.
APA and Harvard Referencing Style

Guidelines for Citing Authors’ Name

 Invert all authors’ names; give surnames and initials for
only up to and including six authors.
 If the number of authors is seven or more, abbreviate
the seventh and subsequent authors as “et al.”.
 If an author’s first name is hyphenated, retain the
hyphen and include a period after each initial.
APA and Harvard Referencing Style

Guidelines for Citing Authors’ Name (Contd.)

 Use commas to separate authors, to separate surnames
and initials.
 Use an ampersand (&) before the last author to separate
initials and suffixes (e.g. Jr. and III) for two or more
authors.
 For an edited book, place the editors’ names in the
author position, and enclose the abbreviation “Ed.” or
“Eds.” (for APA) and “Editor” or “Editors” (for Harvard)
in parentheses after the last editor’s name..
Example: Periodicals and Non-periodicals

 Ha, H.-Y., John, J., Janda, S., & Muthaly, S. (2011). The
effects of advertising spending on brand loyalty in services.
European Journal of Marketing, 45, 4, 673-691.
 Bovee, C.L., Thill, J.V., & Chaturvedi, M. (2009). Business
Communication Today (9th ed.). New Delhi: Pearson
Education.
 Nguyen, D.H. (1966). Vietnamese-English dictionary.
Rutland Vermont: Charles Tuttle Company. (Dictionary
APA/Harvard)
 Sadie, S. (Ed.). (1980). The new Grove dictionary of music
and musicians (6th ed., Vols. 1-20). London: MacMillan.
(Edited Dictionary APA)
APA and Harvard Referencing Style

Guidelines for Citing Publication Date

 Give in parentheses the year the work was copyrighted.
 For magazines, newsletters, and newspapers, give the
year followed by the exact date on the publication
(month or month and day) in parentheses.
APA and Harvard Referencing Style

Guidelines for Citing Publication Date (Contd.)

 Write “in press” in parentheses for articles that have
been accepted for publication but that have not yet been
published.
 If no date is available, write “n.d.” in parentheses.
Example: Publication Dates

 (1998, February). [monthly magazines, newsletters, and

newspapers] (APA)
 (2003, January 02). [dailies and weeklies] (APA)
(02 January 2003) (Harvard)
 (in press). [any work accepted for publication but not
yet printed]
 (n.d.). [work with no date available]
APA and Harvard Referencing Style

Guidelines for Title of the Article

 Capitalize only the first word of the title and of the
subtitle, if any, and any proper nouns; do not italicize
the title or place quotation marks around it.

Example: Deutsch, F.M., Lussier, J.B., & Servis, L.J. (1993).

Husbands at home: Predictors of paternal participation in
childcare and housework. Journal of Personality and Social
Psychology, 65, 1154-1166.

Capitalized
APA and Harvard Referencing Style

Guidelines for Newspaper Articles (No Author)

 Alphabetize works with no author by the first significant
word in the title.
 In the text, use a short title or the key word(s) for the
parenthetical citation: (“Human Trafficking”, 2005).
 Precede page numbers for newspaper articles with p. or
pp.
 If an article appears on discontinuous pages, give all
page numbers, and separate the numbers with a comma
(e.g. pp. B1, B3).
Example: Citing Newspaper Article

 New drug appears to sharply cut risk of death from

heart failure. (1993, July 15). The Washington Post, p.
A12. (APA)

 Schwartz, J. (30 September 1993). Obesity affects

economic, social status. The Washington Post, page 3.
(Harvard)
APA and Harvard Referencing Style

Conference Proceedings
 International Microcomputer Conference. (1984).
Conference proceedings held at the Western Australian
Institute of Technology, Perth, 22 – 24 May 1984. Perth:
Western Australian Institute of technology. (APA; no
author or title known)
 Neal, J.T. (1971). Education – technology or art? Conference
proceedings of the 15th biennial conference held in Adelaide.
Conducted by the Library Association of Australia. Sydney:
Library Association. (Harvard; author and title known)
APA and Harvard Referencing Style

Citation of Work in a Secondary Source

 Provide the secondary source in the reference list.
 For in-text citation, provide the original authors and
name the secondary source within parenthesis.

Example:
Alam and Shudir’s study (as cited in Malcom, John, &
Cronin, 2001).
APA and Harvard Referencing Style

Citation of Electronic Sources

 In case of the references for the electronic sources, it is
important to provide the directory path, and not just
the host name.
 If information is obtained from a document on the
internet, provide the internet address for the document
at the end of the retrieval statement.
 If information is retrieved from an aggregated database,
providing the name of the database is sufficient; no
address is needed.
 APA Style VS Harvard Method

Citation of Electronic Sources (Contd.)

APA Style Harvard Method
When a specific part of an electronic Same as APA style
source has to be quoted and no page
number can be found, use the
paragraph number if available, precede
by the ¶ symbol or the abbreviation
para.
If these are absent, cite the heading and
the number of the paragraph following
it:
Jones, 2000: Conclusion, para.7)
Jones, 2000: ¶5)
Example: Electronic Sources

 VandenBos, G., Knapp, S., & Doe, J. (2001). Role of

reference elements in the selection of resources by
psychology undergraduates. Journal of Bibliographic
Research, 5, 117-123. Retrieved October 13, 2001, from
[Link] (APA)

 VandenBos, G., Knapp, S., & Doe, J. (2001). Role of

reference elements in the selection of resources by
psychology undergraduates. Journal of Bibliographic
Research, 5, 117-123. Available from:
[Link] (Accessed 13 October
2001). (Harvard)
Example: Electronic Sources

 Eid, M., & Langeheine, R. (1999). The measurement of

consistency and occasion specificity with latent class
models: A new model and its application to the
measurement of affect. Psychological Methods, 4, 100-
116. Retrieved November 19, 2000, from the
PsycARTICLES database.
(for an electronic database)
APA Referencing

Citation of Online Newspaper Articles

 Azar, B., & Martin, S. (1999, October). APA's Council of
Representatives endorse new standards for testing high
school psychology. APA Monitor. Retrieved October 7,
1999 from
[Link] (APA)
 APA Style VS Harvard Method

Motion Picture/Television Broadcast/Film

APA Style Harvard Method
Bertolucci, B. (Producer). (1988). The Bertolucci, B. (Producer). (1988). The
last emperor [Motion picture]. Los last emperor (Motion picture). Los
Angeles: Columbia Pictures. Angeles: Columbia Pictures.
Crystal, L. (Executive Producer). (1993, Crystal, L. (Executive producer). (11
October 11). The MacNeil/Lehrer news October 1993). The MacNeil/Lehrer
hour [Television broadcast]. New York news hour. (Television broadcast). New
and Washington, DC: Public York and Washington, DC: Public
Broadcasting Service. Broadcasting Service.
End of the Issue