APA REFERENCING

STYLE
Typically APA Style reference list entries and in-text
citations do not include the authors’ academic credentials
or professional titles.
For example, if a book is written by Samantha T. Smith, PhD,
then the reference entry refers to Smith, S. T., and the in-
text citation to Smith.
Professional titles are also omitted from reference list
entries and in-text citations.
For example, for a Thomas the Train book written by the
Reverend W. Awbry, the reference refers to Awbry, W., and
the in-text citation will be to Awbry (1946).
 Here are some common examples of academic credentials and
professional titles to omit from references and citations (note this is
not an exhaustive list—anything in a similar vein will count):
Academic degrees or
Professional titles to omit
licenses to omit

PhD, PsyD, EdD (any doctorate degree) Reverend (Rev.)

MA, MS (any master’s degree) Honorable (Hon.)

MD, RN, BSN (any medical degree or
license)
MBA (any business degree)
JD (any law degree)
President (or any governmental or
administrative rank)
Dr. or Doctor
Military ranks (General, Captain,
Lieutenant, etc.)

MSW, LCSW, LPC (any social work or

counseling degree or license)
BA, BS (any bachelor’s degree)
Multipart Last Names

Multipart surnames are one of the most confusing name

variations in the APA Style Citations. Authors may have
surnames consisting of more than one word, or they may
have particles preceding their last names like “von” or
“van”, which appear as separate words. As if that weren’t
enough, some authors may have suffixes like “Jr.” after
their surnames.
Mistakes when citing and referencing multipart last names
in APA Style are very common. It’s important to know the
rules for each of these cases. Luckily, there are no serious
complications. Here is a summary of the APA Referencing
Style requirements for each of the cases mentioned:
• For particles like von and van, include them in both the
reference list and the in-text citation. Use them to
alphabetize. For example, van Horne should be listed in
the references under V, not under H.
• For suffixes like Jr., include them in the reference list,
but do not include them in the in-text citation.\

Name Reference list In-text

Ulrica von Thiele von Thiele Schwarz, U. (von Thiele Schwarz,
Schwarz (2015). 2015)
Simone de
de Beauvoir, S. (1944). (de Beauvoir, 1944)
Beauvoir
Ashley M. St. John St. John, A. M. (2016). (St. John, 2016)
Herbert M. Turner Turner, H. M., III.
(Turner, 2013)
III (2013).
HYPHENATED NAMES
Correctly formatting a hyphenated name in a reference list is a
sign of respect to the author and a signal to reviewers that
you know what you're doing. The sixth edition of the American
Psychological Association style manual, released in 2009,
contains scattered examples that address formatting
hyphenated first and last names and how to alphabetize them.
By following the examples, you can successfully complete in-
text citations and references in your paper.
Hyphenated Surname
Keep the hyphen in the last name when you cite the author or
include them in the reference list. Do not shorten it.
Eg. Diego J. Rivera-Gutierrez
In-text - (Rivera-Gutierrez, 2016)
Reference list - Rivera-Gutierrez, D. J. (2016).
Hyphenated Firstnames
When citing an author with a hyphenated first name in order
of appearance, use the first letter with period, then present
the second letter preceded by a hyphen.
Example:
Author is Jean-Baptise Lamour Reference citation style
is Lamour, J.-B.
Author is Ru-Jye Chuang Reference citation style
is Chuang, R.-J.
If an author's first name is hyphenated, retain the hyphen
and include a period after each initial. Do not put a space
after the period of the first initial and the - preceding the
second initial.
APA (American Psychological Association) style is most
frequently used within the social sciences, in order to cite
various sources. This APA Citation Guide, revised according
to the 6th edition of the APA manual, provides the general
format for in-text citations and the reference page.

IN-TEXT
There are two ways of doing an in-test citation in APA
referencing style.
1. Narrative citation (Cite the source before the quote.)
Eg. John(1942) states that Country’s with low field workers
find it difficult to excel.
Only the year comes in parenthesis.
2. Parenthetical Citation
Provide the quote before the citation.
Eg. Country’s with low field workers find it difficult to excel
(John, 2015).
Both the Authors surname and year of publication comes
into parenthesis after the quote.

Indirect quotation/paraphrasing/summarizing
No quotation marks
1)Professional knowledge alone does not make
someone a very capable professional (Cohen & Lotan,
2014).
2)2) According to Cohen and Lotan (2014), professional
knowledge alone does not make someone a very
capable professional.
Indirect quotation/paraphrasing/summarizing
No quotation marks
1)Professional knowledge alone does not make
someone a very capable professional (Cohen &
Lotan, 2014).
2)2) According to Cohen and Lotan (2014),
professional knowledge alone does not make
someone a very capable professional.

Note
To cite information directly or indirectly, there are
two ways to acknowledge citations: 1) Make it a
part of a sentence or 2) put it in parentheses at the
end of the sentence.
Books with A Single Author

IN-TEXT CITATION
Include the author’s last name in the introductory
sentence and put the date of publication in
parenthesis immediately after name.
Addington (1994, pp. 32–33) states that …
If you do not mention the author’s name and the
date of publication in your introductory sentence,
put them both in parenthesis at the end of citation,
with a comma separating name from date.
The idea of progress is much overrated (Addington,
1994, pp. 32–33).
Write the author’s surname only in-text. Initials are
recorded in the list of references.
Books with A Single Author Cont.

REFERENCING LIST

Author Surname, First Initial. Second Initial.

(Year). Book title: Subtitle. Place of Publication:
Publisher.

Morgan, C.T.(1086).Introduction to psychology. New

York: Knopf
Addington, H. (1994). Cultural cringe: A study of
change. London, England: Routledge.
Books with Two Author’s

IN-TEXT CITATION
Include the last names of the co-authors and the
dates of publication in either an attribution or a
parenthetical citation.
If you use a parenthetical citation, use & instead
of the word to join two names.

Hunt and Lee (1992, p. 23) claim …

Climate change remains controversial (Hunt & Lee,
1992, p. 23).
Books with Two Author’s Cont.

REFERENCING LIST
Author Surname, First Initial. Second Initial.,
& Author Surname, First Initial.
Second Initial. (Year). Book title: Subtitle. Place of
Publication: Publisher.

Burley, J., & Harris, J. (2002). A companion to

genethics. Malden, MA: Blackwell.

Hunt, E., & Lee, L.J. (1992). Weather matters.

Boston, MA: Harvard University Press.
Books with Three to five Author’s
IN-TEXT CITATIONS
Write the last names of each of them in the order in
which they appear on the page
In subsequent sources when you refer to the same
source, write only the first author’s name followed
by et al.

MacKay, Clarke, Fleming, Collins, & Sue, (2006)

demonstrated that…………………….
SUBSEQUENT MENTIONS: Mackay et al. (2006)
found …………..
Books with Three to five Author’s Cont.

 REFERENCING LIST
Author's surname, Initial(s)., Author's surname, Initial(s)., &
Author's surname, Initial(s). (Date of publication). Title of
work: Subtitle of work. Place of publication: Publisher.

MacKay, I., Clarke, C., Fleming, M., Collins, M., & Sue, J.
(2006). Food the focus for our future. Oxford, England: Oxford
University Press.

Johnson, N. G., Roberts, M. C., & Worell, J. (1999). Beyond

appearance: A newlook at adolescent girls. Washington, DC:
American Psychological Association.
Books with Six or more authors

IN-TEXT CITATION

In all the citations in the text, write only the first

author’s name followed by et al. Cite only the first
author’s surname, followed by ‘et al’.

Peters et al. (1995) base their study on the

economic model.
This study is based on an economic model (Peters
et al., 1995)
Books with Six or more authors Cont.
REFERENCING LIST
Author Surname, Initial(s)., Author Surname,
Initial(s)., Author Surname, Initial(s)., Author
Surname, Initial(s)., Author Surname, Initial(s)., &
Author Surname, Initial(s). (Year).
Book title: Subtitle. Place of Publication: Publisher.

Peters, C., Suzuki, T., Corrigan, Y.T., Najar, P.,

Dudley, P., & Thomas, E. (1995). New economies for
new times. Chicago, IL: University of Chicago
Press.
Books with Edition
 IN-TEXT CITATIONS
Include the (Author Surname, Year, page number)
Writers need to consider … (Heffernan, Lincoln, & Atwill,
2001, p. 218)
 REFERENCING LIST

Heffernan, J.A.W., Lincoln, E. J., & Atwill, J. (2001). Writing,

a college handbook (5th ed.). New York, NY: W. W. Norton.

Smith, P. (2012). Cut to the chase: Online video editing and

the Wadsworth constant (3rd ed.). Washington, DC: E & K
Publishing.

The edition comes is bracket after the tittle of the book.

Works without Date

IN-TEXT CITATION
Shaw (n.d.) found that …
One study (Shaw, n.d.) suggests …

NB: n.d represents no date

REFERENCING LIST
Shaw, O. (n.d.). Reflective learning. London,
England: Faber.
Unknown Author’s
Cite the name of the organization that produced the
work (corporate author). If none, then use the title
of the work.

IN-TEXT CITATIONS

The NSW Board of Studies (2006, p. 35) advocates

an inclusive approach in syllabus design.

Reducing friction is essential (“Pressure care”,

2000, p. 3).
Unknown Author’s
REFERENCING LIST
Pressure care. (2000). Perth, Australia: New Health
Press.
Multiple works by the same author

Use a, b, c … to differentiate between works written in the

same year.
IN-TEXT CITATIONS
In her first study, Sheldon (1996) supports the theory, but
her two later studies (1999a, 1999b) modify this claim.
REFERENCING LIST
Sheldon, S. (1996). Language Limits. London, England:
Duckworth.
Sheldon, S. (1999a). Morphemic resonance: A new
dimension. Discourse Studies, 23(4), 67–72.
Sheldon, S. (1999b, Spring). Rules and tools. Journal of
Semantics, 43, 23–45.
Newspaper article with Authors

IN-TEXT CITATIONS
Citations are placed in the context of discussion using the author’s
last name and date of publication.
Target funding is not being met (Leech, 2002, p. 13).
Leech (2002, p. 13) suggests that …
REFERNCING LIST
Author, A. (Year, Month Date of Publication). Article title. Newspaper
Title, pp. xx-xx
Leech, G. (2002, September 19). Call for research shake-up. The
Australian, p. 13.
Notes: Precede page numbers for newspaper articles with p. (for a
single page) or pp. (for multiple pages).
If an article appears on discontinuous pages, give all page numbers,
and separate the numbers with a comma (e.g., pp. B1, B3, B5-B7).
Newspaper article without Authors
In text
(“Report Casts Shadow,” 2007)
When a work has no identified author, cite in text the first few
words of the article title using double quotation marks,
“headline-style" capitalization, and the year.

Reference List
Article title. (year, month date). Name of periodical, page
numbers.
Report casts shadow on biofuel crops. (2007, October 16).
Waikato Times, p. 21.
Barcelona to ban burqa in municipal buildings (2010, June
14), Gulf News. Retrieved from http://gulfnews.com
Journal Articles
IN-TEXT CITATION

Reid and Sand (1987) argue that …

An earlier study (Reid & Sand, 1987) suggests that
…
Journal Articles Cont.

REFERENCING LIST
Surname of Author(s), Initials. (year of publication).
article title (not in italics). journal name (in italics),
volume number (in italics)(issue number), and the
page number range of the article.

Castles, F. G., Curtin, J. C., & Vowles, J. (2006).

Public policy in Australia and New Zealand: The
new global context. Australian Journal of Political
Science, 41(2), 131–143
Reid, J., & Sand, R. (1987). The wood and the grove.
Journal of Mythology, 9(1), 23–34.
Online journal article
In text
(Harrison & Papa, 2005) or
Harrison and Papa (2005) recommend ...
Reference List
Surname of Author, Initials. (year). article title (not in italics),
journal name (in italics), volume number (in italics), issue
number, page number range of the article (if available), URL or
journal home page.

Hsing, Y., Baraya, A., & Budden, M. (2005). Macroeconomic

policies and economic growth: The case of Costa Rica. Journal
of Applied Business Research, 21(2), 105–112. Retrieved
from http://journals.cluteonline.com/index.php/JABR/
Some journals use a DOI (digital object identifier) to uniquely
identify the article. If it is available, the DOI should be used
instead of a URL:
Chapter in an edited book
IN-TEXT CITATIONS
(Author Surname [of Chapter or Article], Year, page number)
Stories are an essential aspect of therapy (Phillips, 1999, p. 14).
Phillips (1999, p. 14) argued that …
REFERENCING LIST
Author Surname [of Chapter or Article], First Initial. Second Initial.
(Year). Article or chapter title. In Editor First Initial. Second Initial.
Surname (Ed.), Book title: Subtitle (pp. page range of article or
chapter). Place of Publication: Publisher.

Phillips, J. (1999). The psychodynamic narrative. In editor G. Roberts

(Eds.), Healing stories: Narrative in psychiatry and psychotherapy (pp. 7–
15). Oxford, England: Oxford University Press.
Note that in generating reference list of editors, the editors first name
and other name are written in initials followed by Last name in full.
Underline /italise only book title.
Book with editor(s) and no Author’s

IN-TEXT CITATION
(Leonard & Crawford, 2002)

REFERENCING LIST
Leonard W. R. & Crawford M. H. (Eds.). (2002). Human
biology of pastoral populations. Cambridge, NY: Cambridge
University Press
Duncan, G. J., & Brooks-Gunn, J. (Eds.).
(1997). Consequences of growing up poor. New York, NY:
Russell Sage Foundation
When no author is available, the editors are used in place of
authors. In such a case, the Surname comes in full followed
by the other names in initials.
Magazines (Print Version)
In Text
(Goodwin, 2002) or Goodwin (2002) defends ...

Reference List
Lastname of Author, Initials. (Year, Month and date
Published). Article title. Magazine Title, volume(issue), pp.
Page(s).

Goodwin, D. K. (2002, February 4). How I caused that story.

Time, 159(5), 69.

Rothbart, D. (2008, October 6). How I caught up with

dad. Men's Health, 67(3), 108-113.
Magazine (Online)

In Text
(Goodwin, 2002) or Goodwin (2002) defends ...
Reference List
Last name of Author, Initials. (Year, Month Date Published).
Article title. Magazine Title, Page(s). Retrieved from URL

Rothbart, D. (2008, October 17). How I caught up with

dad. Men's Health, 108-113. Retrieved from
http://books.google.com

Folger, T. Higgs: What causes the weight of the

world." Discover Magazine,. Retrieved from
http://discovermagazine.com
WEBPAGES
Cite web pages in text as you would for any other source,
using the author and date if known. If the author is not
known, use the title and the date as the in-text citation (for
long titles just use the first few words). Your in-text
citation should lead your reader to the corresponding entry
in the reference list. For sources with no date use n.d. (for
no date) in place of the year: (Smith, n.d.). Below are
examples of using in-text citation with web pages.
WEBPAGES WITH AUTHORS
In-text citation
Role-play can help children learn techniques for coping with bullying
(Kraiser, 2011).
Reference entry
Kraizer, S. (2011). Preventing bullying. Retrieved from
http://safechild.org/categoryparents/preventing-bullying/
 Web page with no date

 In-text citation
 Establishing regular routines, such as exercise, can
help survivors of disasters recover from trauma
(American Psychological Association [APA], n.d.).
 Reference entry
 American Psychological Association. (n.d.).
Recovering emotionally from disaster. Retrieved from
http://www.apa.org/helpcenter/recovering-
disasters.aspx
Web page with no author:
 In-text citation
 The term Nittany Lion was coined by Penn State
football player Joe Mason in 1904 ("All things Nittany,"
2006).
 Reference entry
 All things Nittany. (2006). Retrieved from
http://www.psu.edu/ur/about/nittanymascot.html
Course Handout / Class Notes, Class Lectures and
Presentations
In-Text
(Instuctor's Last Name, Year, slide number)
Example (Graham, 2013, slide 6)
Note: APA does not provide specific rules for direct quoting of PowerPoint
slides. We recommend giving the slide number.

Reference list
Instructor's Last Name, First Initial. Second Initial. (Year). Title of presentation:
Subtitle if any [PowerPoint presentation]. City of course. Course code.

Salter, G. (2007). Lecture 3: SPLS205-07A [PowerPoint slides]. Hamilton, New

Zealand:
University of Waikato. N.B. Put format in square brackets - e.g. [PowerPoint
slides] [Lecture notes]
Conference paper online

In-text
(Last name, Year,)
Example (Graham, 2013,)

Reference List
Last name, Initial. (Year published). Title of Paper or Proceedings, Title
of Conference, Location, Date. Place of publication: Publisher.
Cloyd, A. (2014). Surveying students: A look at citation habits of college
students, presented at EasyBib Info Lit Conference, New York City,
2014. New York, NY: EasyBib Publishing.
Bochner, S. (1996,). Mentoring in higher education: Issues to be
addressed in developing a mentoring program. Paper presented at the
Australian Association for Research in Education Conference,
Singapore. Retrieved from http://www.aare.edu.au/96pap/bochs96018.txt
Dissertation / Thesis
In-Text
(Sabbagh, 2009)
Sabbagh (2009) compares a variety of oral presentation
techniques.
Reference list
Surname of Author, Initials. (year). Doctoral dissertation /
master's thesis title (Form of work). Name of institutions.
Location
Sabbagh, S. A. (2009). Investigating oral presentation skills
and non-verbal communication techniques in UAE classrooms:
A thesis in teaching English to speakers of other
languages (master’s thesis). American University of Sharjah,
Sharjah, United Arab Emirates.
NB: Identify the work as a doctoral dissertation / master’s
thesis in parentheses after the title.
Online Thesis and Dissertation
In Text
(Dewstow, 2006)

Reference List
Author, A. A. (date). Title of doctoral dissertation or
master's thesis (Doctoral dissertation or Master's thesis,
the name of the University, city, country). URL
Thomas, R. (2009). The making of a journalist: The New
Zealand way (Doctoral thesis, Auckland University of
Technology, Auckland, New Zealand). Retrieved from
http://hdl.handle.net/10292/466
NB
Include the full URL for the thesis/dissertation and the full
name of the degree-granting institution/university
Secondary Sources
Citing a source that you found in another source is known as
using a secondary source.
You should always try to read and cite the original work (the
primary source). If it is not possible to do this, you have to
cite the original as contained in the secondary source.
Your in-text citation should include both authors: the
author(s) of the original source and the author(s) of the
secondary source. For example: (Habermehl, 1985, as cited
in Kersten, 1987).
In your reference list you should provide the details of the
secondary source (the source you read). In this example:
the details of Kersten 1987.
Follow these directions when citing a secondary source:
• In the reference list, provide an entry for the secondary
source that you used.
• In the text, identify the primary source and write “as cited
in” the secondary source that you used.
If the year of publication of the primary source is known,
also include it in the text citation.
For example, if you read a work by Lyon et al. (2014) in
which Rabbitt (1982) was cited, and you were unable to
read Rabbitt’s work yourself, cite Rabbitt’s work as the
original source, followed by Lyon et al.’s work as the
secondary source. Only Lyon et al.’s work appears in the
reference list.
Eg. (Rabbitt, 1982, as cited in Lyon et al., 2014) for an in-
text citation.
INTERNATIONAL STANDARD SERIAL NUMBER
(ISSN)
An ISSN is an 8-digit code used to identify newspapers, journals,
magazines and periodicals of all kinds and on all media–print and
electronic.
The ISSN takes the form of the acronym ISSN followed by two
groups of four digits, separated by a hyphen.
 ISSN 0317-8471
The ISSN is associated with the title of the publication. If the
publication is modified significantly, a new ISSN must be
assigned.
CITING AN ISSN
The ISSN is located after the URL or DOI in a periodical.
Example: Retrieved from
http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/journal/10.1002/(ISSN)1936-2706.
DOI (DIGITAL OBJECT IDENTIFIER)

A DOI, or Digital Object Identifier, is a string of numbers,

letters and symbols used to permanently identify an article
or document and link to it on the web.
A DOI will help your reader easily locate a document from
your citation. Think of it like a Social Security number for
the article you’re citing — it will always refer to that article,
and only that one.
Example: doi:0000000/000000000000 or
http://doi.org/10.0000/0000
The DOI is used where there is no URL. If your article has no
DOI whatsoever, which happens more frequently with older
articles, in APA format you will provide the URL for the
journal homepage and the words “Retrieved from”
Some DOIs start with 10.xxxx, and some are active links
(http://doi.org/xxxx…). In APA format, you will write the DOI
however it is presented in the article. It goes at the end of
your reference.
Example of DOI usage:
Author, A. A., & Author, B. B. (Date of publication). Title of
article. Title of Journal, volume number, page range.
doi:0000000/000000000000 or http://doi.org/10.0000/0000
In places where there is no DOI, the URL is used.
When should I include an access date of online
documents in an APA citation?

 APA style usually does not require an access date. You

never need to include one when citing journal
articles, e-books, or other stable online sources.
 However, if you are citing a website or online
article that’s likely to change over time, it’s a good idea
to include an access date. In this case, place the
month, day, and year directly after the word
“Retrieved”, and before the URL.
 Citing several sources at once
In text
Authors’ names are presented alphabetically and each reference is
separated by a semicolon (;).
Policy makers argue that the connection between science and
business should not be viewed critically (Branscomb, 1997; Noble,
1993; Stokes, 1997).

List of References
Provide a detailed reference list of each of the authors and their
works.
Branscomb, I. (1997). Investing in innovation. New York, NY:
Routledge.
Noble, B. (1993). America by design. New York, NY: Knopf.
Stokes, D. (1997). Pasteur’s quadrant. Washington, DC: Brookings
Institution Press.
Encyclopedia / Dictionary
In-text
If you are creating an in-text citation for a dictionary entry,
you would follow APA's standard in-text citation guidelines of
including the first part of the reference and the year. For
example, your in-text citations might look like this: (Merriam-
Webster's Collegiate Dictionary, 1999) or (Onomatopoeia,
n.d.). These in-text citations would then align with your
reference list citations.
Eg.
 A primary verb is one of the three verb types … (Chaulker
& Weiner, 2009, para. 7)
 Australia was one of the early adopters of the pop chart
ratings (Williams, 2009)
 The tone of the poem is affected by the use of intervening
words (“Tmesis”, n.d.) that cause ….
List of References
If you are citing a full dictionary in your reference list, you
would place the title of the dictionary in the position where
the author’s name would normally go, so it would look like
this:
Merriam-Webster’s Collegiate Dictionary (10th ed.). (1999).
Merriam-Webster Incorporated.

If you are citing a single entry in an online dictionary, you

will need to include the word that you looked up first, so it
would look something like this:
Onomatopoeia. (n.d.) In Merriam-Webster’s collegiate
dictionary. http://www.merriam-
webster.com/dictionary/onomatopoeia
Government Publication
APA Citation Style does not have a separate category for
government publications. According to APA, government
documents can be considered Books, Technical/Research Reports
or Brochures.
 In-Text Citation
(Author Surname OR Name of Government Organization, Year)
Eg. (Gilmore et al., 1999, p. 5)

 References
Author Surname, First Initial. Second Initial. OR Government
Name. Name of Government Agency. (Year). Title: Subtitle (Report
No. xxx [if available]). Publisher.
Eg.
Gilmore, J., Woollam, P., Campbell, T., McLean, B., Roch, J., &
Stephens, T. (1999). Statistical report on the health of
Canadians: Prepared by the Federal, Provincial and Territorial
Advisory Committee on Population Health. Health Canada,
Statistics Canada, Canadian Institute for Health Information.
Translated source
Oftentimes, popular texts are translated into many languages,
connecting authors with readers who don’t share the same
native tongue. For example, the French children’s book “Le
Petit Prince,” or “The Little Prince,” by Antoine Saint Exupéry
has been translated into 300 languages!
Translations are great in the sense that they make work
available to more readers. But how do you cite a translated
work?
Believe it or not, citing a translated source isn’t all that
different than citing a work in its original language. There’s
just one extra step required!
Here is some of the information you will want to locate before
starting to create your citation:
• Book title, Author name(s), Translator name(s), Date
published, Publisher name/organization, Place of publication
If you translated material from the original text, consider
that translation a paraphrase because the translation is no
longer a quotation of the original text. If you are working
with a translated text and you’re quoting the translator’s
text, use quotation marks to indicate the quoted text.
In-text
In-text citations to text you’ve translated follow the typical
approach to an in-text citation: (Author, year, p. X). If you
worked with a resource that is a reprinted translation of
another text, include both the original year of publication and
the year of publication for the translation: (Author of original
text, year of publication of the original text/year of translated
text).
(Author Surname, Year Originally Published/Year of
Translation)
(Foucault, 1977/1995)
Reference List
Author Last Name, First Initial. (Year Published). Book
title (Translator First Initial. Last Name, Trans.). City of
Publication, State/Country: Publisher. ( Year of original
publication)
 Example:
Saint-Exupéry, A. d. (1970). The Little Prince (K. Woods,
Trans.). San Diego, CA: Harcourt Brace & Co. (Original work
published 1943)