The Mole Concept – PART 1

CAPE Chemistry – Unit 1

 What is a Mole?
• A mole is defined as the amount of substance containing the
same number of discrete entities or elementary particles (i.e.
atoms, molecules, ions, etc.) as the number of atoms in a
sample of pure Carbon-12 weighing exactly 12 grams (12g).

• A mole is the SI unit for the amount of a substance denoted by

Avogadro’s number.
 Avogadro’s Number (NA)
• The number of particles composing a mole has been
experimentally determined to be 6.02214179 × 1023
Quantity
• Simplified: 6.022 × 1023 per mole of a substance Term

A quantity term is used to describe a number example pair=2, dozen=12,

score=20 etc. Likewise, Avogadro’s constant is 6.022 x 1023

1 mole of any substance contains the same

number of particles as 1 mole of any other
element.
 Avogadro’s Number (NA)
• Avogadro’s number is the actual number of
atoms (6.022 x 1023) in 12g of Carbon-12.

IF:
1 mole of C = 12g = 6.02 x 1023 atoms
1 mole of Cu = 63.5g = 6.02 x 1023 atoms

THEN:
# atoms in 12g of C = # atoms in 63.5g of Cu
 Examples of NA
• The same applies for all particles in a
substance such as:
• 1 mole of Water (H2O) = 6.02 x 1023 molecules
• 1 mole of Sodium Chloride (NaCl) = 6.02 x 1023
molecules; 6.02 x 1023 Na+ cations and 6.02 x
1023 Cl- anions.
• 1 mole of electrons = 6.02 x 1023 e-
 Molar Mass (M)
• The masses of 1 mole of different elements, however, are
different, since the masses of the individual atoms are
drastically different.
• Molar Mass is the mass of 1 mole of substance (i.e. element or
compound) expressed in units of grams per mole (g/mol)
 Molar Mass (M)
• Molar mass has the same numerical value as atomic
mass or molecular mass or formula mass.
 ATOMIC MASS MOLAR MASS
Sum of the mass of protons, neutrons and Mass of a mole of substance
electrons
Denoted by: ma Denoted by: M
Unit: unified mass unit (u) or atomic mass Unit: gmol-1
unit (amu)
An atomic property A bulk property
It is constant for a particular isotopic It could vary from sample to sample
element. It does not vary from sample to depending on the percentages of
sample. For example, the atomic mass of constituents in the sample.
carbon-12 is 12 amu. This is true for all
atoms of carbon-12 in the universe.
How to Calculate Molar Mass
Formula Chart
 Solve
According to nutritional guidelines from the US Department of
Agriculture, the estimated average requirement for dietary
potassium is 4.7 g. What is the estimated average requirement of
potassium in moles? MK = 39.10 g/mol

4.7g/ 39.10g/mol = 0.12 moles of K

 Solve
A liter of air contains 9.2×10−4 mol argon. What is the
mass of Ar in a liter of air? M = 39.95 g/mol
Ar

9.2 x 10-4 mol x 39.95g/mol = 0.0367954 ~ 0.037g Ar

 Solve
What is the mass of 2.561 mol of gold?
Mau = 196.96657 g/mol

Answer:

Mass of Au = #Moles of Au x Molar Mass of Au

2.561 mols x 196.967 g/mol = 504.432 ~ 504.4g Au
 Solve
Beryllium is a light metal used to fabricate
transparent X-ray windows for medical imaging
instruments. How many moles of Be are in a
thin-foil window weighing 3.24 g?
MBe = 9.012182 g/mol

#Mole of Be = Mass of Be / Molar Mass of Be

3.24g/ 9.012182 g/mol = 0.3595133787 ~ 0.36 mols of Be
 Solve
Our bodies synthesize protein from amino acids. One of these
amino acids is glycine, which has the molecular formula C2H5O2N.
How many glycine molecules are contained in 28.35g of glycine?
Step 1: Find the molar mass of glycine (C2H5O2N)

Step 2: Find # of moles

#Mole of C2H5O2N = Mass of C2H5O2N / Molar Mass of C2H5O2N

28.35g/ 75.07g/mol = 0.377647529 ~ 0.378 mols of C2H5O2N

Step 3: Find # of molecules

1 mole of C2H5O2N = 6.02 x 1023 molecules

0.38 mols = 6.02 x 1023 x 0.38 = 2.27 x 1023 molecules of C2H5O2N

 Solve
A packet of an artificial sweetener contains 40.0 mg of saccharin
(C7H5NO3S), which has the structural formula:

MC = 12.01 g/mol
MH = 1.008 g/mol
MO= 16.00 g/mol
MN= 14.007 g/mol
MS= 32.07 g/mol

Given that saccharin has a molar mass of 183.18 g/mol, how

many saccharin molecules are in a 40.0-mg sample of saccharin?
How many carbon atoms are in the same sample?
 Solve

Step 1: Find # of moles (since Molar Mass is already given)

#Mole of C7H5NO3S = Mass of C7H5NO3S / Molar Mass of C7H5NO3S

0.04g/ 183.18g/mol = 0.0002183645 ~ 2.18 x 10 -4 mols of C7H5NO3S

Step 2: Find # of molecules

1 mole of C7H5NO3S = 6.02 x 1023 molecules

2.18 x 10-4 mols = 6.02 x 1023 x 2.18 x 10-4 = 1.31 x 1020 molecules of C7H5NO3S
Step 3: # C atoms
7C = 1.31 x 1020 x 7 = 9.17 x 1020 C atoms in 40mg of C7H5NO3S
 Solve
How many molecules of sucrose, C12H22O11, are in a 25g
sample of sucrose? M = 12.01 g/mol C
MH = 1.008 g/mol
Step 1: Find the molar mass of sucrose (C12H22O11) MO= 16.00 g/mol
12C = 12 x 12.01 = 144.12 g/mol Molar Mass = 144.12 + 22.17 + 176
22H = 22 x 1.008 = 22.176 g/mol = 342.29 g/mol
11O = 11 x 16 = 176 g/mol

Step 2: Find # of moles

#Mole of C12H22O11 = Mass of C12H22O11 / Molar Mass of C12H22O11

25g/ 342.29g/mol = 0.0730374828 ~ 0.073 mols of C12H22O11

Step 3: Find # of molecules
1 mole of C12H22O11 = 6.02 x 1023 molecules

0.073 mols = 6.02 x 1023 x 0.073 = 4.397 x 1022 molecules of C12H22O11

 Solve
How many C4H10 molecules are contained in 9.213g of this
compound? How many hydrogen atoms? M = 12.01 g/mol
C
MH = 1.008 g/mol
Step 1: Find the molar mass of sucrose (C4H10)
4C = 4 x 12.01 = 48.04 g/mol Molar Mass = 48.04 + 10.08
10H = 10 x 1.008 = 10.08 g/mol = 58.12 g/mol

Step 2: Find # of moles

#Mole of C4H10 = Mass of C4H10 / Molar Mass of C4H10

9.213g/ 58.12g/mol = 0.1585168617 ~ 0.159 mols of C 4H10

Step 3: Find # of molecules of C4H10

1 mole of C4H10 = 6.02 x 1023 molecules

0.159 mols = 6.02 x 1023 x 0.159 = 9.543 x 1022 molecules of C4H10

 Solve
• How many hydrogen atoms?

1 mol of C4H10 = 6.02 x 1023 molecules

# of H atoms in 1 molecule of C4H10 = 10

1 mol of C4H10 has (6.02 x 1023 x 10) = 6.02 x 1024 H atoms

Therefore:
If 0.159 mols C4H10 = 9.543 x 1022 molecules of C4H10

Hence # of H atoms = 9.543 x 1022 x 10 = 9.543 x 1023 H

atoms in 9.213g of C4H10

 Avogadro’s Law
• The behavior of a gas can be described by 4 variables
• Temperature
• Pressure
• Volume
• Gaseous Concentration (# of Moles)

Scientist Amadeo Avogadro (1812)

discovered that at constant
temperature and pressure the
volume of a gas is directly
proportional to the number of moles
Working Example of Avogadro’s Law
 Solution
• V1 = 10L
• n1 = 0.5mol
• V2 = 40L
• n2 = ?

If: V1/n1 = V2/n2

Then: V1 x n2 = V2 x n1
Therefore: n2 = (V2 x n1)/ V1
n2 = (40 x 0.5)/10
n2 = 20/10 = 2mol
 Formulas for Avogadro’s Law
Avogadro’s Law: V1/n1 = V2/n2
(at constant temperature and pressure)
V1 = (V2 x n1)/ n2
V2 = (V1 x n2)/ n1
n2 = (V2 x n1)/ V1
n1 = (V1 x n2)/ V2
Solve
 Solutions
1. 21.7L
2. 16.8L
3. 435.39L
4. 2.59g
THE END