Data Communications System & Networks

Lecture No.5 & 6

By
PROF. DR. ABDUL QADEER KHAN RAJPUT
 THE FREQUENCY MODULATION
The AM is susceptible to noise, as
noise adds up to the amplitude of the
wave and distorts the information
content of the signal. This is not the
case with FM. In FM the amplitude
of the carrier remain the same, but
the frequency is varied in accordance
with the modulating signal.
v FM  Vc Sin ( c t  m f Sin m t )
where
 
vFM = instantaneous voltage of the FM
wave
Vc = Peak amplitude of carrier voltage
c = angular velocity of carrier = 2fc
m= angular velocity of modulating
signal = 2fm
mf = modulation factor
 MODULATION FACTOR

The degree of modulation in FM is measured by modulation factor, and is given as

fd
mf 
fm

Where

fd = Frequency Deviation
fm = Modulating frequency
 SIDEBANDS IN FM WAVE

In AM wave there are only two sidebands, but

in FM we have practically infinite number of
sidebands, because FM wave goes through
numerous frequency shifts produced by
modulating signal. The frequency spectrum of  
a typical FM wave is shown below

It is clear that to transmit such a broad spectrum

wave, we need huge bandwidth. But fortunately,
many higher order sidebands contain an
insignificant amount of energy and can therefore
be disregarded. Any sideband with amplitude
less than 1% of the carrier is considered as
insignificant and therefore, left out.
 FM GENERATION

The above figure shows a voltage divider bias, BJT amplifier, with varactor tuned modulator circuit for FM
generation. A varactor diode is a semiconductor diode that has been specifically manufactured to have its depletion
region optimized for variable capacitance effect under reverse bias condition.

The figure above is actually a Colpitts Oscillator configuration. The oscillator is used to produce the carrier frequency, while
the audio signal is used to change the frequency when applied to the varactor diode. The audio signal actually varies the
junction capacitance of the varactor diode; hence the resonant frequency of the tank circuit changes with the audio signal.
Thus FM signal is produced at the output.
 PHASE MODULATION

As clear form its name, in Phase Modulation the phase of the carrier signal is varied in accordance with
the modulating signal.

The resulting waveform can be mathematically expressed as

 
 
v pm  Vc Sin( c t   m Sin m t )

where all the parameters are the same as defined earlier, and
m = Modulation Index for PM.
 DIFFERENCE BETWEEN FM AND PM

 
 
Phase Modulation Frequency Modulation

The carrier deviation is proportional to The amount of carrier deviation is directly

the rate of change of modulating signal as proportional to the amplitude of the
well as amplitude change of that. modulating signal. The rate of carrier
  deviation is same as frequency of the
modulating signal.
CONVERSION BETWEEN FM AND PM

PHASE LOW PASS FREQUENCY

AUDIO INPUT
MODULATOR FILTER MODULATION

FREQUENCY HIGH PASS PHASE

AUDIO
AUDIOINPUT
INPUT MODULATOR FILTER MODULATION
 FREQUENCY MODULATION

PURPOSE
Frequency modulation was originally developed to cope with Undesirable noise which
completed with the with the desired signal When amplitude modulation was used.

Most noise appeared as an additional amplitude modulation on the signal.

When frequency modulating a carrier, information is placed on the carrier by varying its
frequency while holding its amplitude fixed upon being received. Variations in amplitude
are eliminated Prior to demodulation without affecting the information content contained in
the frequency variations, thereby eliminating any noise which may appear as an amplitude
modulation of the carrier.
 ADVANTAGES
ADVANTAGES

Many
Many of of the
the advantages
advantages obtained
obtained with
with wideband FM, such as Noise reduction, are
not
not available
available with
with narrowband
narrowband FM.
FM. Why,
Why, Would
Would one
one want
want to
to use
use narrowband
narrowband FMFM
rather
rather than
than AM?
AM?

One
One reason
reason is
is that
that with
with narrowband FM (as well as with wideband FM) the power
content
content as
as the
the carrier
carrier frequency decreases
decreases as the Modulation increase so that we
have
have the
the desirable
desirable situation of putting the power where the information is.
Resting frequency
The resting frequency is the frequency of an
FM carrier when no modulating signal is
present. The presence of a modulating signal
will cause the carrier to shift away from the
resting frequency.