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Distillation, absorption, and extraction bring phases of
different composition into contact.
Both the extent of change and the rate of transfer
depend on the departure of the system from equilibrium.
Quantitative treatment of mass transfer the equilibrium
T, P, and phase compositions must be known.
Chapter 10: Vapor/liquid Equilibrium: Introduction
10.1 The Nature of Equilibrium
A static condition in which no changes occur in the
macroscopic properties of a system with time.
At the microscopic level, conditions are not static.
The average rate of passage of molecules is the same in
both directions, and no net interphase transfer of
material occurs.
An isolated system consisting of liquid and vapor phases in
intimate contact eventually reaches a final state wherein no
tendency exists for change to occur within the system.
Fixed temperature, pressure, and phase
composition
Chapter 10: Vapor/liquid Equilibrium: Introduction
10.2 The Phase Rule. Duhem’s Theorem
(The number of variables that is independently fixed in a system at equilibrium) =
(the number of variables that characterize the intensive state of the system) -(the
number of independent equations connecting the variable):
Phase rule:
Duhem’srule:
for any closed system formed initially from given masses of prescribed
chemical species, the equilibrium state is completely determined when any
two independent variables are fixed.
Two? When phase rule F = 1, at least one of the two variables must be
extensive, and when F = 0, both must be extensive.
Chapter 10: Vapor/liquid Equilibrium: Introduction
10.3 VLE: Quantitative Behavior
Figure 10.2: (a) P x y diagram for three temperatures. (b) T x y for three pressure
_______ Satured liquid (bubble line) ------------ Satured vapor (dew line)
Chapter 10: Vapor/liquid Equilibrium: Introduction
10.4 Simple Models for
Vapor/Liquid Equilibrium
Fig 10.8 (a)(b), Negative departures from P-x1
linearity: strong liquid-phase inter-molecular
attractions between unlike than between like pairs
of molecules.
F = 2 - π + N - r.
F = 2- π + N - r - a
= Cind - N + 2 donde Cind = π - r - a
Capitulo 1: Equilibrio de fases
Ejemplo
Para una disolución acuosa del ácido débil HCN, escriba las condiciones de
equilibrio químico y calcule F .
El sistema presenta 5 especies químicas: H2O, HCN, H+, OH- y CN-, por lo que N = 5.
F = 2 – π +N – r – a = 2- 1 + 5 – 2 - 1 = 3
Capitulo 1: Equilibrio de fases
Calcule F en un sistema cons_tuido por CaCO3 (s) ,CaO (s) y CO2 (gas),
cuando todo el CaO y el CO2 proceden de la reacción:
F = 2 – π +N – r – a = 2- 3 + 3 – 1 - 0 = 1
Capitulo 1: Equilibrio de fases
EQUILIBRIO DE FASES PARA SISTEMAS DE UN COMPONENTE
Para sistemas de un componente la regla de las fases es:
F = 3 - π
Si π = 1 F = 2 (T, P). Si π = 2 F = 1 (T o P).
Si π = 3 F = 0
Capitulo 1: Equilibrio de fases
DIAGRAMA DE FASES
Diagrama de fases: representación del estado intensivo de un sistema de un
componente en el plano P-T. Ejemplo diagramas de fases de agua y CO2.
Identificar las regiones de π = 1, 2 y 3. Curvas de equilibrio entre las fases más
comunes: S-L-V. Presiones ve vapor y de sublimación. Puntos de ebullición y
puntos de fusión; punto triple; punto crítico. Punto de fusión normal y punto de
ebullición normal.
Capitulo 1: Equilibrio de fases
Capitulo 1: Equilibrio de fases
Hasta que valor es necesario reducir P si queremos que el etanol hierva a 250 oC en
una destilación a presión reducida?
Capitulo 1: Equilibrio de fases
Equilibrio Sólido-Líquido.
Capitulo 1: Equilibrio de fases
Ejemplo:
Calcule el punto de Fusión del Hielo a 100 atm utilice la aproximación