Teori dan Konsep

Urbanisasi dan
Metropolitanisasi
Fadjar Hari Mardiansjah
Concepts and Theories on
Urbanization and
Metropolitanization
 What is Urbanization?
• Urbanization is considered as the most significant
phenomenon held in the last century.
• Urbanization occurs when the cities grows, and sometimes at
the cost of their surrounding countryside.
• It refers to the growth of cities, as the result of an interlinked
factors, consists of:
• demography,
• economy (location and other natural factors; smart economic
behavior): technology, organization,
• social, cultures, life styles, ideas, etc.
• The contemporary urbanization has also influenced by the
global factors, as the global economy become more integrated.
 What is Urbanization?
• Demographic Processes: urban population growth in certain areas which lead to the densification
of the area as well as the expansion of the densely populated areas
• Migration
• Natural growth
• Reclassification process
• Economic Processes: the growth and development of urban economic (non-agricultural) activities,
consist of industries, business and commerce, transportation, accommodation, as well as services
in a densely populated areas, including in their surroundings
• Dense population as market as well as labor potential
• Infrastructure, ideas, technology, organization, and investment
• Spatial Processes: the expansion of urban areas from the previous urban areas to their surrounding
• Growth and expansion of the main concentration
• Formation new concentrations in the surroundings as well as in certain locations
• Social, Cultural, Political Processes: lifestyle, behavior, ideas, the way of thinking, etc.
 What is Urbanization?
• Friedmann (1973) sees urbanization, as consisting of two opposite yet
related forces:
• first, urbanization as “the geographic concentration of population and
non-agricultural activities in urban environments of varying size and
form”, and
• second, urbanization as “the geographic diffusion of urban values,
behaviour, organizations and institutions”.
• But more than that URBANISATION also could MEANS SELECTION AND
COMPETITION among individuals, firms, places, cities and regions, as well
as countries.
• Friedmann’s (1973) suggests that in some contexts sub-national or inter-
national regions may be more desirable as reference boundaries of
urbanization.
 What is Urbanization?
• In the contemporary urbanization process, suburbanization
(sprawling suburbs around metropolitan fringes) are one
manifestation, a sub-set, of urbanization.
• Urbanization is a concomitant of industrialization and a
phenomenon embedded in commodity production.
• Urbanization is an ongoing process, considered as an
unavoidable consequences of development.
• Although urbanization brings serious challenges, attempts to
inhibit it through exclusionary policies are likely to be
economically, socially and environmentally damaging.
• The question: How could we take benefit from the process?
 Urban Formation and
Urbanization in Indonesia
 What do we mean by Urban and Rural?
Urban: Rural:
• Bigger number of population • Smaller number of population
• Higher Densities: • Lower Densities
• Population • Population
• Building structures • Building structures
• Activities • Activities
• Infrastructures • Infrastructures
• Consumptions • Consumptions
• Etc. • Etc.
• Land use dominate by built-up areas • Land-use dominated by non-built-up areas
• Most population work outside agricultural • Most population work in agricultural sector
sector
 Defining Urban Areas in Indonesia:
Classifying villages into urban villages and non-urban villages

Change of Criteria in Defining Urban Villages and Non-urban Villages in

Indonesia since 1961 to 2010
Increasing number of Urban and Non-urban Villages in
Indonesia, 2000 - 2010
 Categories of Urban Areas in Indonesia
Three administrative categories of urban areas referred to in Law No.
32/2004 on Local Governance (administrative decentralization):
i. urban areas as autonomous regions, known as city governments (cities:
kota),
• Municipalities: very large, large, medium and small cities
ii. urban areas within district boundaries (towns: desa pusat pelayanan?;
kota kecamatan?; kawasan perkotaan?),
• Towns?: small, medium, large towns
iii. urban areas spilling over into one or more adjacent administrative areas
(kawasan perkotaan?; metropolitan).
• Towns?
• Urban regions?
• Metropolitans?
• Larger urban conurbation?
 Categories of Urban Areas in Indonesia
• Based on administrative status:
• Statutory cities: Daerah Kota (cities?)
• Non-statutory cities:
• Kota-kota di kabupaten (towns?)
• Kota yang melebar dari daerah kotanya (Metropolitan?)

• Based on Population : City size

• Metropolitan
• Big cities
• Medium Cities
• Small cities
 Categories of Urban Areas in Indonesia
(Spatial Planning Law)
• Kawasan Megapolitan: metropolitan yang saling memiliki hubungan fungsional
dapat membentuk kawasan megapolitan. Dengan demikian, kawasan
megapolitan mengandung pengertian kawasan yang terbentuk dari dua atau
lebih kawasan metropolitan yang memiliki hubungan fungsional dan membentuk
sebuah system perkotaan raksasa yang terintegrasi.
• Kawasan Metropolitan adalah kawasan perkotaan yang terdiri atas sebuah
kawasan perkotaan yang berdiri sendiri atau kawasan perkotaan inti dengan
kawasan perkotaan di sekitarnya yang saling memiliki keterkaitan fungsional yang
dihubungkan dengan sistem jaringan prasarana wilayah yang terintegrasi dengan
jumlah penduduk secara keseluruhan sekurang-kurangnya 1.000.000 (satu juta)
jiwa.
Categories of Urban Areas in Indonesia (cont.)
• Kawasan perkotaaan besar adalah perkotaan dengan jumlah
penduduk yang dilayani paling sedikit 500.000 (lima ratus ribu)
jiwa.
• Kawasan perkotaan sedang adalah kawasan perkotaan dengan
jumlah penduduk yang dilayani lebih dari 100.000 (seratus ribu)
jiwa dan kurang dari 500.000 (lima ratus ribu) jiwa.
• Kawasan perkotaan kecil adalah kawasan perkotaan dengan
jumlah penduduk yang dilayani paling sedikit 50.000 (lima puluh
ribu) jiwa dan paling banyak 100.000 (seratus ribu) jiwa.
Categories of Urban Areas in Indonesia
(NUDS)
National Urban Development Strategy:
• Kota Metropolitan: lebih dari 1.000.000 penduduk
• Kota Besar: 500.000 – 1.000.000 penduduk
• Kota Sedang: 200.000 – 500.000 penduduk
• Kota Kecil: 20.000 – 200.000 penduduk
• Kota Kecil Kecamatan: 3.000 – 20.000 penduduk
Pembentukan kota dan kawasan perkotaan Indonesia
(Small Cities and towns)
• Pembentukan Daerah-daerah Kota Kecil (Small Municipalities):
• Pemekaran daerah
• Proses administrasi dan politik
• Proses legal dan formal
• Pembentukan Kawasan-kawasan Perkotaan Kecil (Small Towns):
• Proses Urbanisasi
• Tidak/Belum ada upaya legalisasi terhadap proses tersebut
• Apakah upaya legalisasi diperlukan?
Perkembangan kawasan
Perkotaan di kabupaten:
Kasus Kabupaten Tegal
Kabupaten Tegal memiliki beberapa
kawasan perkotaan :
• 2 kawasan perkotaan antara 100
– 300 ribu penduduk per kota
• 1 kawasan perkotaan antara 50 –
100 ribu penduduk per kota
• 3 kawasan perkotaan antara 30 –
50 ribu penduduk per kota
• 3 kawasan perkotaan antara 15 –
30 ribu penduduk per kota
The growing of towns in kabupaten :
the case of Kabupaten Tegal
Perkembangan kawasan
Perkotaan di kabupaten:
Kasus Kabupaten Malang
Kabupaten malang memiliki beberapa
kawasan perkotaan :
• 1 kawasan perkotaan antara 100 –
300 ribu penduduk per kota
• 6 kawasan perkotaan antara 50 –
100 ribu penduduk per kota
• 2 kawasan perkotaan antara 30 –
50 ribu penduduk per kota
• 6 kawasan perkotaan antara 15 –
30 ribu penduduk per kota
The growing of cities in kabupaten:
the case of Kabupaten Malang
The growing of cities in kabupaten:
the case of Kabupaten Malang (lanjutan)
The Case of Subosukowonosraten, 1990 - 2010
Kawasan Perkotaan Jawa Tengah tahun 2000 dan 2010
The growing number of (small) cities:
the case of Central Java Province
• The dynamic number of cities in the small towns/cities
• Most of the small cities is the cities in kabupaten

Jumlah Penduduk 1990 2000 2005 2010

< 30.000 266 318 397 394
30.000 - 50.000 28 30 55 54
50.000 - 100.000 16 21 43 48
100.000 - 300.000 7 7 11 11
300.000 - 500.000 1 0 0 0
500.000 -
1.000.000 1 1 1 1
> 1.000.000 0 1 1 1

• Most / many kabupaten have several cities in their territory

• Could we take any benefit from this process?
 Urban Population and
Urbanization in Indonesia
 Urbanization in Indonesia
Urban population in Indonesia:
• only 2.9 million in 1920
• 118.3 millions in 2010,
• 135.6 millions in 2015,
• 150 millions now

• Population in Indonesia will

be highly urbanized in the
future
• With a level of 70%,
Indonesia will have 210 m
urban population in 2050.
 Urban
Population
Distribution
in Indonesia
• Urban population
is still highly
concentrated in
Java
• Will
decentralisation
policy bring
impacts in
balancing urban
population
distribution in
Indonesia in the
future?
Big Cities-based Regional Urbanization
Much smaller cities-based Urbanization
 Municipal Cities in Indonesia 2010
More than one million cities in Indonesia 2010:
No City Province Men Women Total Sex ratio (%)

1 DKI Jakarta DKI Jakarta 4 859 272 4 728 926 9 588 198 102,76
2 Surabaya Jawa Timur 1 367 159 1 398 749 2 765 908 97,74
3 Bandung Jawa Barat 1 213 718 1 179 915 2 393 633 102,86
4 Bekasi Jawa Barat 1 182 496 1 153 993 2 336 489 102,47
5 Medan Sumut 1 040 680 1 068 659 2 109 339 97,38
6 Tangerang Banten 919 638 878 077 1 797 715 104,73
7 Depok Jawa Barat 879 325 857 240 1 736 565 102,58
8 Semarang Jawa Tengah 762 621 791 157 1 553 778 96,39
9 Palembang Sumsel 726 328 726 512 1 452 840 99,97
10 Makasar Sul-Selatan 661 379 677 995 1 339 374 97,55
11 Tangerang Selatan Banten 658 701 644 868 1 303 569 102,15

Population of million cities 14 271 317 14 106 091 28 377 408 101,17

• Only 11 cities in Indonesia that has more than 1 million population each
• Total population in the eleven million cities was: 28,4 juta jiwa
 Municipal Cities in Indonesia 2010
No Kota Propinsi Laki-laki Perempuan Total Sex ratio (%)
12 Batam Kep Riau 486 404 463 371 949 775 104,97
13 Bogor Jawa Barat 484 648 464 418 949 066 104,36
14 Pekanbaru Riau 459 533 444 369 903 902 103,41
15 Kota Bandar Lampung Lampung 444 373 435 278 879 651 102,09
16 Padang Sumbar 415 235 418 349 833 584 99,26
17 Malang Jawa Timur 403 961 415 747 819 708 97,17
18 Denpasar Bali 403 026 385 419 788 445 104,57
19 Samarinda KalTim 376 238 349 985 726 223 107,50
20 Tasikmalaya Jawa Barat 320 859 313 565 634 424 102,33
21 Banjarmasin KalSel 312 421 312 974 625 395 99,82
22 Serang Banten 296 806 280 155 576 961 105,94
23 Balikpapan KalTim 289 560 269 636 559 196 107,39
24 Pontianak KalBar 275 612 274 692 550 304 100,33
25 Cimahi Jawa Barat 273 900 267 239 541 139 102,49
26 Jambi Jambi 266 596 262 522 529 118 101,55
27 Surakarta Jawa Tengah 243 363 257 279 500 642 94,59
Jumlah Penduduk Kota 500ribu - 1Juta 5 752 535 5 614 998 11 367 533 102,45

• 16 municipal cities has population about 500.000 to 1 million each (big cities)
• Population of the 16 big municipal cities : 11,4 millions
• So the urban population in big and million municipal cities in Indonesia : 39,7 millions from the 118,3
millions national urban population
• 78,6 millions urban population (66,4% ) live in small and medium cities
 Urban population in the kabupaten
Ten smallest municipal cities in Indonesia:
  1983 1990 2000 2009 2010 2011
Sabang, Kota 23 998 24 400 22 734 29 184 30 653 31 468
Padang Panjang, Kota 35 688 38 700 40 484 56 491 47 008 47 655
Sawahlunto, Kota 14 055 51 500 51 110 54 685 56 866 57 649
Tual, Kota .. .. .. 45 338 58 082 59 943
Solok, Kota 34 685 42 900 48 120 59 837 59 396 60 211
Subulussalam, Kota .. .. .. 66 451 67 446 69 228
Pariaman, Kota .. .. .. 70 726 79 043 80 132
Sungai Penuh, Kota .. .. .. 78 102 82 293 84 673
Sibolga, Kota 63 269 71 800 82 310 96 034 84 481 85 391
Tidore Kepulauan, Kota .. .. .. 82 302 90 055 92 565

With the national urban population of 118,3 millions, and the urban population
in municipal cities (kota) of 52,3 millions:
Indonesia has 66,1 millions urban population (55,9%) live in cities outside the
municipal cities → cities in the kabupaten
Most of the cities in kabupaten is formed by theregion with the administrative
area of DESA (VILLAGES)
Urban population in the kabupaten
Discussion?
Thank You Very Much