• Approaches to official

recognition of vulnerability
and exclusion in both formal
and informal leadership
practices
 SOCIAL EXCLUSION
Social exclusion is a process whereby certain
individuals are pushed to the edge of the
society and prevented from participating fully
in social life by virtue of their
1) poverty,
2) lack of basic competencies and lifelong
learning opportunities, or
3) as a result of discrimination.
The excluded are individuals and/or groups of
individuals deprived of full participation in
economic, social, cultural and political life of
the society they live in.
Individuals can be excluded for various reasons:
1) given their personal characteristics (older
persons, ill persons, persons with disabilities,
poor, immigrants, women and children); or
2) given their social/cultural characteristics
(such as religion, race, ethnicity, class,
language, etc.).
In order to determine what represent vulnerable
groups in many countries, some advanced the
approach of the understanding of the
vulnerability criteria
The vulnerability of groups can been identified along the
lines of:
1) income,
2) age,
3) disability,
4) language/ethnicity,
5) religion,
6) rural regions,
7) gender,
8) occupation.
1) income
2) age
3) Disability
• Poor health and/or having family members
living with a disability, including the elderly.
4) language/ethnicity,
5) Religion
• Burdensome family, church, and community
obligations.
6) rural regions
• Poor quality and/or the lack of access to basic or
essential public services, including education and
health services, was seen to be an important
cause of hardship for many communities.
• Migration of youth and adults to urban areas
and/or overseas, leaving behind the elderly in
rural areas with additional responsibility of
taking care of their young children.
7) gender
8) Occupation
• Lack of jobs and other ways to earn cash - this
factor was seen as the most critical issue for
all communities in both urban and rural areas.
• Limited access to land for subsistence or cash-
based farming, especially for migrants from
rural to urban areas.
 reference
• Mustafa, A ( ). The state of Human
Development in the Pacific: A Report on
Vulnerability and exclu8sion in a time of Rapid
Change; FiJi: UNDP