ESV and Theme paper presentation

Village – Pudupalli, Taminadu

 About the Village
Pudupalli is a small coastal village located at the Keelaiyur block with Population Distribution
Nagapattinam as taluk and district, in Tamilnadu. It is 26 km away from
Nagapattinam, which is both the taluk and district headquarters of the
Division Numbers
district and 321 Km from the State capital Chennai. It has its own Gram
Panchayat, Post-office, and Primary school. The estimated population of Total population 2706
Pudupalli is 2706 with a female population of 1394.The total household
having ration card in pudupalli is about 748. Total ration card 748
Male population 1312

Female 1394
population

Agrl.labour 753
Household 850
industry workers

Other workers 212

 Methodology and data collections tools used

Field Surveys

Semi-structured
Interview
Primary Source

IDI

FGD
Data Collection

Government
Institutions

Secondary
PWD
Source

N.G.O Records

Method of Sampling: convenience Sampling

 About the organisation

GOAL
Explore models and run pilots for the creation of
community-based mechanisms for enhancement of
community resilience in terms of livelihoods, disaster
preparedness and information support
STRATEGIES
Create knowledge sharing networks using Information-
Communication Technologies in order to facilitate access to
informational,educational, transactional and recreational
services within the overall framework of the project.

MISSION
Leverage experiences of the Asian
tsunami to create community-based,
community-owned mechanisms for
enhanced disaster response,
mitigation and preparedness for
coastal communities

VISION
Conduct research programmes and studies, and document
the learning,good practices and processes that will
meaningfully contribute to the mainstreaming of disaster risk
reduction within the overall development framework.
VALUES
Collaborate with Government institutions, public
enterprises, private institutions or individuals for
furthering the goal of the Project
Village resource map
 Village Demographic Trend
Demography
Pudupalli village has a lesser literacy rate compared to Tamilnadu
1 which is inferred from the 2011 census data. In 2011, literacy rate
of Pudupalli village was 62.82 % compared to 82.34 % of
Livelihood
Nagapattinam. In Pudupalli Male literacy stands at 65.42 % while
The total number of households in the female literacy rate was 60.22 %
village is 748, out of these more than
600 HH holds their own land but due
to the seasonal farming and marginal
they have to go for agriculture and 4
fishing, labor of subsistence. About
148 HH are landless and dependent
on agriculture based jobs, Almost all
HH have livestock. Apart from Sex Ratio
agriculture, 7 HH own businesses like 2 The sex ratio in the village
ration stores and kirana stores etc. is marginally higher than
the district Nagapattinam,
whereas the block keelaiyur
has much lower sex ratio.
Caste The higher sex ratio also
reflects in the school
In Pudupalli village, most of the village population is from the participation of the students
caste called vanniyar (MBC 78%) and others are miscellaneous 3 (53.50% female).
of the remaining caste total population in Pudupalli village.
Sl. No. Particulars Location Distance Travel time
from
Village
(km)
Remoteness
Hours minutes

1 District Headquarters Nagapatinam 26 1 10

2 Tehsil/Taluk HQ Nagapatinam 30 1 0
• The village is remote, only one state
3 Block Headquarters Nagapatinam 29 1 05

5 Nearest Railway Station Nagapatinam 30 1  

transport bus comes in the village nd public
6 Nearest Post Office Pudupalli 9999 0 0
transport facilities are available.
7 Nearest Telephone facility Pudupalli 3 0 10

• One has to walk all the way 2KM on

8 Nearest Town Velankani 15 0 25

9 Nearest Pucca road Pudupalli 1 0 5 national highway to get the public transport.
10 Nearest Fair Price store Nagapatinam 30 1 0

11 Nearest store for agricultural

inputs
Vilundhamavadi 2 0 15 • This lack of transport along with lack of
12 Nearest wholesaler market for
agricultural products
Nagapatinam 15 0 25 facilities likes Hospital, secondary school
13 Nearest police station Velankani 15 0 25
etc. the growth of the village is stinted.
14 Nearest Secondary school Vilundhamavadi 3 0 10

15 Nearest Hospital Vilundhamavadi 3 0 10

16 Nearest ATM (Bank & PO) Vilundhamavadi 3 0 10

 VILLAGE SOCIETY

Health Infrastructure Streetwise facilities

02
01

03
Conflict and Co-operation

Education
06
04
05 Migration

Institutions
Schools Inside Village

• There are two schools inside the village where one is a

primary school operated by the government and the other is
an aided middle school .
• In primary school around 120 students are studying. The
school is well developed and had basic facilities compared
to the aided middle school.
• The Middle school has around 73 students. We visited the
school and found that due to covid regulations there are no
classroom classes.
• Due to lack of smartphones among students the classes are
happening differently. The students are asked to do work in
the school whatsapp group.
• The students after completing the work they click a photo
of their homework and send it to the teachers.
Migration

• The sea water entered into the village

and salinated the cultivable places.
• Heat waves also affected farming
throughout the 3-year period and in
general are a problem in this area. In
2015, 2016 and 2017 around 160
households got affected by heat waves.
• Some of these households had to resort
to out migration as well during all the 3
years.
 Street-wise Facilities

Street Level Heterogeneity Size Housing Infrastructure Drinking Water Livestock Agriculture

Pucca % of HH
Roads Public Quality of owning % of HHs
No of since Hand drinking cow/ owning HHs cultivating
Street Id Street Name Households when Anganwadi pumps water bufallo Goat+Poultry on own land

1 School Rd 124 2008 - 7 BAD 23% 35% - 90%

2 Pudupalli Rd 212 2002 - 3 BAD 30% 30% 95%

3 Sivankoil St 122 2002 - 4 GOOD 40% 60% - 70%

 Income
 MGNREGA
% OF INCOME FROM VARIOUS SOURCES - people will get 100 days of work per
year at a wage Rs.275 per day.

 Agri casual Labour

- Male gets Rs. 300 per day while female
Agriculture
gets Rs.250per day approximately
4% MNERGA
11%
2%
28% Agri Casual Labour  Self employment
Non Agri Casual labour
8% Salaried Worker
Self employed  Salaried jobs especially accountant,
6% Livestock
Pension hospital attender, driver, maid etc
21%
20% constitute 8% of income source.

 Rs.8000-10000 was earned by people of

pudupalli who running shops in nearby
town
Climate Change and rainfall
• In 1951-60 the rainfall trend followed a lower level and this is
the least level of precipitation in the six decades, but the trend
line shown ascending pattern. Rainfall of 1971-80 and 1991-
2000 has also shown upraised trends. The trends of 1961-70 and
1981-90 have decreased and the rainfall reaches minimum level.
• The trend of 2001-10, is an escalating design and it reached the
highest level. This decade has greatly influenced by the
cyclones and delayed monsoonal effects.
• Due to improper rainwater storage system the village cant able
to store the rain water.
• Since the climate trend is following sinusoidal wave pattern the
districts experiencing drought and flood alternating each year,
this pattern was followed till 2020
 Agriculture
Sl. Operation This Village (Rs./day) Nearby Village (Rs./day)
No.
Male Female Child Male Female Child • Pudupalli belongs to the Delta region of
Tamilnadu, which is very famous for its
Cultivation
1 Ploughing 250 0 0 300 0 0
paddy production, even before Sangam age
in Taminadu (2000 + years back).
2 Sowing 250 0 0 300 0 0 • It was also evident in the sangam literature
where a line comes like - “Chola naadu
3 Transplanting 0 120 0 0 120 0
sorudaithu” means the land of Cholas, the
4 Irrigation 250 0 0 0 0 0
delta region produces more Paddy.

5 Weeding 200 150 0 200 150 0

Landholding Pattern
Harvesting
6 Harvesting Most of the farmers in the Pudupalli
Post-Harvesting village are small and marginal
7 Hoeing 200 150 0 250 180 0 farmers.Around 20% of the population
belongs to the landless farmers category.
8 Threshing 300 250 0 350 280 0
Most of the farmers landholdings vary
from 0.75 acres to 1.5 acres.
9 Winnowing 0 0 0 0 0
 Agriculture
Type of cultivated crops Poor soil quality

Food Crops Cash Crops Vegetables and Fruits

Paddy Coconut Brinjal

 Groundnut Cashewnut Chilly

Livestock

Bullock 50000
• The animals which were domesticated in the village
were the cattle, goats and hen. All of these animals
Cow 25000 - 50000
are indigenous, desi breeds. Almost all of the houses
Goat 4000-9000
have goats and hens. Only very few of the households
have all the three of these animals together. Goats are
Poultry birds 300 - 500 generally reared to sell them for meat
 Financial Institutions and its roles
Agency Interest paid on deposits
(%)
Rate of interest
charged on loan (%)
• Majority of the financial institutions were outside the
village and for all the financial services the villages were
forced to travel to nearby large village called
Formal Bank 3.5 10
Vilunthamaavadi or to the nearby towns Thirupoondi &
Cooperative Bank 4 10 Velankanni.which are about 12 and 16 km away
respectively from the village. People are also using post
Private Money Lenders - 20
office of the village for keeping their money. A formal bank
Grameen Bank 5.5 20 which is 3 km away from the village accepts deposits and
pays an interest at the rate of 3.5 percent.
Post Office 4 9
• It primarily deals with giving loans for medical expenses,
Agricultural Credit
Societies
4 11
agricultural investment and charges an interest at the rate of
10 percent.

Institutional Mechanism Welfare Programs

Village Drinking Sewage Irrigation Water Water Conflict Contribution Pradhan Mantri Awas Yojana - Gramin
committe water resource budgeting managemen Collection
e t Pradhan Mantri Ujjwala Yojana
Pradhan Mantri Jan Dhan Yojana
Elected Rural Transport Input School Health Employment Street
Panchayat Roads ation subsidies Educatio Nutrition Scheme lighting
n MGNREGA
 major problem
• The major problem that we got to know during
our stay was the water crisis. Even though ground
water is available at very less depth around 15 to
20 feet.
• The groundwater is too much salinated. The local
political bodies and some NGOs have helped in
constructing some RO cleaning centres
Solution to the major problem
• In order to change the water salinity and water crisis each
household in the village should implant rain water storage
facilities so that the total dissolved solids in the ground
can be reduced that can also improve the quality of soil
and ground water.
• Then village Panchayat should form a team to regularly
check and maintain the water facilities.
 Theme paper
Understanding & Reducing the ground water salinity of coastal villages in nagapattinam district
Study area

Post Tsunami

2004 2018

Post Gaja Cyclone

Post Tsunami

• The tsunami of 26 December 2004 struck the Nagapattinam

District, Tamil Nadu, India. Sea water inundation from the
tsunami caused salinization problems for soil and groundwater
in coastal areas of the district, and also induced salt injuries in
crops.

• To document the recovery of the agricultural environment from

the tsunami, we conducted observations of the soil,
groundwater, and vegetation.

• Soil electrical conductivity increased sharply after the tsunami,

but returned to pre-tsunami levels the following year.
Groundwater salinity returned to pre-tsunami levels by 2006.
These rapid rates of recovery were due to the monsoon rainfall
leaching salt from the highly permeable soils in the area.
Tsumami Impact on soil
we have also identified important management implications for soil,
groundwater, and vegetation as follows:

1) due to the heavy monsoon rainfall and the high permeability of

soils in this region, anthropogenic inputs like fertilizers should be
applied carefully to minimize pollution, and the use of green manure
is recommended;

2) areas that were contaminated by sea water extended up to 1000

m from the sea shore and over pumping of groundwater should be
carefully avoided to prevent inducing sea water intrusion;

3) data from a moderate resolution sensor of 250 m, such as

MODIS, can be applied to impact assessment in widespread paddy
field areas like the Nagapattinam District.
 Soil sample of different villages of nagapatinam

• Though village ground water level is high it was severely affected during gaja cyclone where the soil of whole
vilundhamavadi was salinated which further elevated the water crisis issue.
• And the government is also not funding because the TDS level of the village is around 8. To build irrigation
canal project the TDS level of the soil should be 6. Despite of numerous request to goverment they project
outline for karappidagai was started but still it was not fully completed because of the soil TDS level.
Post Gaja cyclone and its impact
• Gaja made a landfall near Vedaranyam in
Nagapattinam district in the early hours of
November 16, 2018, leaving a trail of destruction in
the delta and coastal districts of Tamil Nadu.

• According to official estimates, 735 cattle died, 1.17

lakh houses were damaged and 88,102 hectare of
agricultural land were affected in six districts of
Tamil Nadu — Cuddalore, Nagapattinam,
Ramanathapuram, Thanjavur, Pudukottai and
Tiruvarur — and Karaikal in neighbouring
Puducherry.

• The village ground water level is high it was

severely affected during gaja cyclone where the soil
of whole vilundhamavadi was salinated which
further elevated the water crisis issue.
 Current Solution
• The local political bodies and some NGOs have
helped in constructing some RO cleaning centres.
Suggested recomondation
1. It will also be worthwhile to start an attempt by pumping
saline water from nearby canals on both sides into the canals
and recharging them through flood/rain water, which will
result in reducing salinity in aquifers in the long run.
2. Awareness programme should be done among the household
of having rainwater storage system in all household. The more
storage rainwater will also reduce the soil salinity and TDS
level.
3. RO system should be installed in the affected areas and it
should be properly maintained every year till the soil salinity
gets lowered.
4. Construct a shutter valve to store the rainwater and to avoid
the mixing sea backwater with the stored rain water.
5. Water bodies like (Ponds, ooranis, Tanks, wells, irrigation
tanks, farm ponds, traditional dug-wells, skimming wells,
tube/bore wells) should be increased with proper drainage
facilities and closing valve to stop the sea water flow during
flood.
Submitted By
Udaya Prakash R| Vivek P