Outline

Types of pollutants
Source and Effects
NAAQS
Green House Effect
Climate Change
Global warming
Control of Air Pollution
Air Pollution
Air pollution may be defined as the presence in the air of one
or more contaminants in such quantities and of such durations
as may be or tend to be injurious to human, animal or plant
life, or property
Sources of Air pollution
 Natural: Natural sources of sulphur dioxide include release from
volcanoes, biological decay and forest fires
 Man made sources:
 Deforestation
 Emissions
 Explosives used in wars
Air Pollution classification
 Primary air pollutants - Materials that when released pose health risks in
their unmodified forms or those emitted directly from identifiable sources.

 Secondary air pollutants - Primary pollutants interact with one another,

sunlight, or natural gases to produce new, harmful compounds
Common pollutants and effects
Six Common Air Pollutants
 Carbon Monoxide
 Oxides of Nitrogen
 Oxides of Sulphur
 Particulates
 Ozone
 Lead/Hydrocarbon
Environmental effects of Air Pollution

CO2, CH4, CFC’S Ozone Depletion

Sulphur Dioxide
Global Warming (Green
House Effect

Acid Rain
Carbon Monoxide

Unburnt hydrocarbon Photochemical Smog

fuels, HC
Oxides of Nitrogen
Environmental effects of Air Pollution
Photochemical Smog
Acid Rain
Greenhouse Effect
 Enhanced green house effect(Global Warming)
Ozone Layer and its depletion
 Depletion of stratospheric Ozone
Environmental effects of Air Pollution
Photochemical Smog
 Fog (Fog is a cloud that is in contact with the ground) in the
atmosphere condense on the carbon particles of smoke to form smog
 London Smog: Formed from Sox particulates and humidity, temp. inversion
humid foggy, stagnant air, air will look sooty, dirty, foggy
 Los Angeles Fog (Photochemical Smog): action of sunlight on the
hydrocarbon and the nitrogen oxide

Photochemical Smog
London Smog
Acid Rain
Green House Effect
 Green house effect is the rise in the temp. that earth experience because of
certain gases (H2O vapor, CO2, NO, Methane) in the atmosphere absorb
energy from sun
 Gases help to trap the energy and maintains earth’s temperature
 Green houses gases: Methane, CO2, NO2 and CFCs

•Enhanced Green House effect (Global

Warming)

 green house is natural phenomenon

that is responsible for life on earth
But due to industrialization,
concentration of green house gases
increasing making earth warmer
leading to global warming
Ozone layer and its depletion
Air Pollution Control
Source correction Methods
 Substitution of raw material
 Modification in process
 Alternation in equipments
Air Pollution control devices
 Gravitational settling chambers
 Cyclone collector
 Fabric filters
 Electrostatic precipitators
 Wet scrubbers
Government Steps
 Establishment of Ambient Air Quality Monitoring throughout India

 Notification of Ambient Air Quality Standards under Environment (Protection)

Act.

 Notification of vehicular emission norms

 Improving fuel quality by phasing out lead from gasoline, reducing diesel
sulphur, reducing gasoline benzene, and etc

 Introduction of alternate fuelled vehicles like CNG/LPG

 Improvement of public transport system.

 Phasing out of polluting commercial vehicles, Public awareness & campaigns.
Source: http://www.cpcb.nic.in
State Boards are implementing following program
 Pollution control in various categories of highly polluting industries

 Pollution control from industries discharging waste water into rivers and lakes

 Inventory of pollution industries in the State and ensuring their compliance to

the Pollution control norms

 Restoration of environmental quality in critically polluted areas

 Monitoring of water and ambient air quality in the States Hazardous waste

 Bio-medical and Management of Municipal Solid Wastes

Source: http://www.cpcb.nic.in
Climate Change
 Climate change is a long-term change in the statistical distribution of weather
patterns over periods of time that range from decades to millions of years

 Global warming and climate change refer to an increase in average global

temperatures. Natural events and human activities are believed to be
contributing to an increase in average global temperatures. This is caused
primarily by increases in “greenhouse” gases such as Carbon Dioxide (CO2)

 Greenhouse gases (for example, carbon dioxide, methane, nitrous oxide,

water vapour, ozone), re-emit some of this heat to the earth's surface.

 If they did not perform this useful function, most of the heat energy would
escape, leaving the earth cold (about -18 ºC) and unfit to support life.

A warming planet thus leads to a change in climate which can affect weather in
various ways
 With Industrial Revolution , man-made activities have added significant
quantities of GHGs to the atmosphere.

 The atmospheric concentrations of carbon dioxide, methane, and nitrous

oxide have grown by about 31%, 151% and 17%, respectively (IPCC 2001)

 An increase in the levels of GHGs could lead to greater warming, which, in

turn, could have an impact on the world's climate, leading to the phenomenon
known as climate change

 It is difficult to determine whether current observations of increasing

temperature are due to natural variability or whether they have been forced by
anthropogenic (man-made) activities

 As, variations in temperature have also occurred in the past - the best known
is the Little Ice Age .